ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2023
Severe Fatigue and Persistent Symptoms at 3 Months Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections During the Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron Time Periods: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04610515 (Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-COV2 Infections), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-COV2 Infections (COVID-19) Registry (INSPIRE)
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-Exertional Malaise in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Shift in the Frequency Across Pandemic Phases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical Evolution of a Cohort of Patients with COVID-19 Treated with Usual Medical Care Plus Polymerized Type I Collagen During the Pandemic Emergency.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ocular Symptoms in Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Exploring predictors of post-COVID-19 condition among 810 851 individuals in Sweden.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection on Long-Term Symptoms in the Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in Patient Reported Well-Being and Cognitive Functioning Within 3 Months of Symptomatic Illness During COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Global Prevalence of Long COVID, Its Subtypes, and Risk Factors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Work Impairment and Financial Outcomes Among Adults With vs Without Long COVID.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Variability in Long COVID Definitions and Validation of Published Prevalence Rates.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Characterization of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome in Long COVID: Self-reported Data From the LISTEN Study.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Ongoing Symptoms After Acute SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza Infection in a Case-Ascertained Household Transmission Study: 7 US Sites, 2021-2023.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Association of SARS-CoV-2 With Health-related Quality of Life 1 Year After Illness Using Latent Transition Analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Internal Tremors and Vibrations in Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study.The American journal of medicine · 2025Article
- Comparison of long-term health-related quality of life and symptoms between COVID-19 patients and test-negative controls during the Omicron-predominant period in Japan.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-induced sensory perturbations: A narrative review of clinical phenotypes, molecular pathologies, and possible interventions.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Review
- Differences in Long COVID severity by duration of illness, symptom evolution, and vaccination: a longitudinal cohort study from the INSPIRE group.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Association of Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination and Reductions in Post COVID Conditions Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in a US Prospective Cohort of Essential Workers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effects of long COVID on healthcare utilization.PloS one · 2025Observational
- Long COVID incidence across SARS-CoV-2 lineages and identification of conserved spike targets for multivalent vaccines.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Molecular analysis of long COVID and new-onset diabetes mellitus: pathobiological relationships and current mechanistic views.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMost research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants focuses on initial symptomatology with limited longer-term data. We characterized prevalences of prolonged symptoms 3 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection across 3 variant time-periods (pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron).
methodsThis multicenter prospective cohort study of adults with acute illness tested for SARS-CoV-2 compared fatigue severity, fatigue symptoms, organ system-based symptoms, and ≥3 symptoms across variants among participants with a positive ("COVID-positive") or negative SARS-CoV-2 test ("COVID-negative") at 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 testing. Variant periods were defined by dates with ≥50% dominant strain. We performed multivariable logistic regression modeling to estimate independent effects of variants adjusting for sociodemographics, baseline health, and vaccine status.
resultsThe study included 2402 COVID-positive and 821 COVID-negative participants. Among COVID-positives, 463 (19.3%) were pre-Delta, 1198 (49.9%) Delta, and 741 (30.8%) Omicron. The pre-Delta COVID-positive cohort exhibited more prolonged severe fatigue (16.7% vs 11.5% vs 12.3%; P = .017) and presence of ≥3 prolonged symptoms (28.4% vs 21.7% vs 16.0%; P < .001) compared with the Delta and Omicron cohorts. No differences were seen in the COVID-negatives across time-periods. In multivariable models adjusted for vaccination, severe fatigue and odds of having ≥3 symptoms were no longer significant across variants.
conclusionsProlonged symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection were more common among participants infected during pre-Delta than with Delta and Omicron; however, these differences were no longer significant after adjusting for vaccination status, suggesting a beneficial effect of vaccination on risk of long-term symptoms. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04610515.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.