ArticleNature medicine2023
Early detection of visual impairment in young children using a smartphone-based deep learning system.
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Article in Nature medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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36citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
14.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating the Quality and Features of Visual Acuity Apps Using the Mobile App Rating Scale: Systematic Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of artificial intelligence models for strabismus screening: methodological insights and future directions.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Transformative applications of oculomics-based AI approaches in the management of systemic diseases: A systematic review.Journal of advanced research · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of smartphone technology for detection of paediatric ocular diseases-a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- A scoping review of the feasibility, usability, and efficacy of digital interventions in older adults concerning physical activity and/or exercise.Frontiers in aging · 2025Pooled it
- Smartphone-Based Proactive Self-Screening for Ocular Surface Malignancies: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial.JAMA ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Risk factors and critical thresholds for glucocorticoid-induced ocular adverse reactions in children: implications for muscle and neuromuscular disease management.European journal of translational myology · 2026Article
- ProptoView: AI-based digital exophthalmometry using multi-view facial images in a multinational validation study.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a Novel Autostereoscopic Three-Dimensional System for Binocular Visual Function: A Comparative Validation Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- From blink to care: smartphone video-based functional analysis and personalized management in pediatric blepharoptosis.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Validated semi-supervised early and accurate screening for anterior segment diseases: a 3PM-guided conceptual and technological innovation.The EPMA journal · 2026Article
- Sustainable Ophthalmology Applications: From the Perspective of Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology.Turkish journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Smartphone applications for early screening of retinoblastoma: a scoping review.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Transparency of medical artificial intelligence systems.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2026Article
- Recommended practices for vision screening in pre-school-age children: A 2025 update.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2025Review
- Digital technologies in enhancing hierarchical vision health management for the next 1000 days of children's life: multi-component economic evaluation.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Ophthalmic drug discovery and development using artificial intelligence and digital health technologies.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Review
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- Enhanced pulmonary nodule detection with U-Net, YOLOv8, and swin transformer.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Telemedicine in ophthalmology.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
54 authors at 13 institutions in 5 countries.
Wenben Chen *State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Ruiyang Li *State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Qinji Yu *Institute of Image Communication and Network Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Andi Xu *State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Yile Feng *VoxelCloud, Shanghai, China.
Ruixin WangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Lanqin ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-3678
Zhenzhe LinState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Yahan YangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Duoru LinState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Xiaohang WuState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Jingjing ChenState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Zhenzhen LiuState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Yuxuan WuState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Kang DangVoxelCloud, Shanghai, China.
Kexin QiuVoxelCloud, Shanghai, China.
Zilong WangVoxelCloud, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-1471
Ziheng ZhouVoxelCloud, Shanghai, China.
Dong LiuState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Qianni WuState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Mingyuan LiState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Yifan XiangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-3654
Xiaoyan LiState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Zhuoling LinState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Danqi ZengState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Yunjian HuangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Silang MoSchool of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
Xiucheng HuangSchool of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
Shulin SunDepartment of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
Jianmin HuDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
Jun ZhaoShenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China.
Meirong WeiLiuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, China.
Shoulong HuNational Center for Children's Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Liang ChenShenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China.
Bingfa DaiDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
Huasheng YangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Danping HuangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Xiaoming LinState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Lingyi LiangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Xiaoyan DingState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Yangfan YangState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Pengsen WuState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
Feihui ZhengSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Nick StanojcicDepartment of Ophthalmology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
Ji-Peng Olivia LiMoorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-2913
Carol Y CheungDepartment of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Erping LongState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-5596
Chuan ChenSylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
Yi ZhuDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
Patrick Yu-Wai-ManMoorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7847-9320
Ruixuan WangSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Wei-Shi ZhengSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8327-0003
Xiaowei DingInstitute of Image Communication and Network Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. dingxiaowei@sjtu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3263-9266
Haotian LinState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China. linht5@mail.sysu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-9721
Sun Yat-sen University · CNFujian Medical University · CNJinan University · CNUniversity of Miami · USCapital Medical University · CNChinese University of Hong Kong · HKGuangxi University of Science and Technology · CNMoorfields Eye Hospital · GBPeking University · CNShanghai Jiao Tong University · CNSingapore National Eye Center · SGSt Thomas' Hospital · GBUniversity of Cambridge · GB
Funding
Department of Health BRC-1215-20014Department of Health NIHR301696Medical Research Council G0701386Medical Research Council G1002570
Abstract
Early detection of visual impairment is crucial but is frequently missed in young children, who are capable of only limited cooperation with standard vision tests. Although certain features of visually impaired children, such as facial appearance and ocular movements, can assist ophthalmic practice, applying these features to real-world screening remains challenging. Here, we present a mobile health (mHealth) system, the smartphone-based Apollo Infant Sight (AIS), which identifies visually impaired children with any of 16 ophthalmic disorders by recording and analyzing their gazing behaviors and facial features under visual stimuli. Videos from 3,652 children (≤48 months in age; 54.5% boys) were prospectively collected to develop and validate this system. For detecting visual impairment, AIS achieved an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.940 in an internal validation set and an AUC of 0.843 in an external validation set collected in multiple ophthalmology clinics across China. In a further test of AIS for at-home implementation by untrained parents or caregivers using their smartphones, the system was able to adapt to different testing conditions and achieved an AUC of 0.859. This mHealth system has the potential to be used by healthcare professionals, parents and caregivers for identifying young children with visual impairment across a wide range of ophthalmic disorders.
Indexed as
Deep LearningSmartphoneChildChild, PreschoolEyeFemaleHealth PersonnelHumansInfantMaleVision Disorders
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