ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2023
Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Multiple Measures of Blue and Green Spaces in the United States.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring How Neighborhood Environment Perceptions Moderate the Health Benefits of Movement Behaviors Among Latinos in Los Angeles.American journal of health promotion : AJHP · 2025Trial
- Influence of environmental, economic, dietary, and behavioural factors on high myopia onset in children: a 4-year large-scale cohort study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- From past, persisting, and consolidating ecologies of segregation to ecologies of repair.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Racial/ethnic disparities in neighborhood physical activity environments: Comparing Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander and Asian Americans in the United States.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional analysis of disparities in neighborhood physical activity environments across the urban-rural Spectrum in the contiguous United States.Preventive medicine · 2026Article
- "You thrive where you are:" Experiences of neighborhood built environments, mental health and wellbeing among residents of disinvested neighborhoods.Health & place · 2026Article
- Examining Daily Associations of Nature Exposure, Body Appreciation, and Physical Activity Among Adolescents.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Community Programs and Policies: Associations With Physical Activity in Youth.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Neighborhood built environment, psychosocial stressors, and telomere length of birth parents and their newborns from San Francisco, California.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- The association between residential natural vegetation exposure at diagnosis and colorectal cancer-specific mortality among colorectal cancer cases in Kentucky.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Beyond greenness: multidimensional urban nature profiles and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular risk.Environment international · 2026Article
- Algorithmic fairness in AI-based fitness advice: evaluating socioeconomic bias in county-contextualized physical activity prescriptions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Place, Population, and Inequality: A Cross-Sectional National Analysis of Disparities in Neighborhood Physical Activity Environments Across the Urban-Rural Spectrum.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Street-view greenspace distribution across racial/ethnic, neighborhood income, and individual education subgroups.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- A Review of the Public Health Literature Examining the Roles of Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity on Health Outcomes in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Exploring the role of green space in mitigating childhood opportunity across the U.S.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Blue spaces and incident dementia: Differences by geospatial and historical contexts.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cool routes: Assessing how green space and paved paths modify heat's effects on urban bicycling.Journal of transport & health · 2025Article
- Greenspace proximity in relation to sleep health among a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of US women.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Exploring Community Co-Creation in Tree Planting and Heat-Related Health Interventions: A Qualitative Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeveral studies have evaluated whether the distribution of natural environments differs between marginalized and privileged neighborhoods. However, most studies restricted their analyses to a single or handful of cities and used different natural environment measures.
objectivesWe evaluated whether natural environments are inequitably distributed based on socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity in the contiguous United States.
methodsWe obtained SES and race/ethnicity data (2015-2019) for all U.S. Census tracts. For each tract, we calculated the Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 2020, NatureScore (a proprietary measure of the quantity and quality of natural elements) for 2019, park cover for 2020, and blue space for 1984-2018. We used generalized additive models with adjustment for potential confounders and spatial autocorrelation to evaluate associations of SES and race/ethnicity with NDVI, NatureScore, park cover, and odds of containing blue space in all tracts (
resultsTracts with higher SES had higher NDVI, NatureScore, park cover, and odds of containing blue space. For example, urban tracts in the highest median household income quintile had higher NDVI [44.8% of the SD (95% CI: 42.8, 46.8)] and park cover [16.2% of the SD (95% CI: 13.5, 19.0)] compared with urban tracts in the lowest median household income quintile. Across all tracts, a lower percentage of non-Hispanic White individuals and a higher percentage of Hispanic individuals were associated with lower NDVI and NatureScore. In urban tracts, we observed weak positive associations between percentage non-Hispanic Black and NDVI, NatureScore, and park cover; we did not find any clear associations for percentage Hispanics. DISCUSSION: Multiple facets of the natural environment are inequitably distributed in the contiguous United States. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11164.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.