ReviewDrugs2023
Immune Mechanisms in Epileptogenesis: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Epilepsy Syndromes.
Review in Drugs, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in adults with myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Immune dysregulation and epileptogenesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsy: An Exploratory Case-Control Study.Biomolecules · 2026Observational
- Prevalence and clinical correlates of autoimmune and infection-related antibodies in unexplained seizures in western China.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis in eastern China over last decade: a multi-center retrospective study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Review
- Autoimmune-associated epilepsy: definitions and diagnosis - a narrative review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2026Review
- Global disparities in the recognition, diagnosis, and management of seizures or epilepsy of autoimmune etiology.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- Case report: anti-GAD65 antibody-associated epilepsy as the primary manifestation of chronic graft-versus-host disease.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- Recurrent spatial disorientation and amnestic episodes associated with lung adenocarcinoma: a serum- and CSF-negative paraneoplastic case.Archive of clinical cases · 2026Article
- Adolescent autoimmune encephalitis with dual positive anti-Drebrin and anti-mGluR2 antibodies: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Etiologies of patients with adult-onset epilepsy over the past 25 years: a retrospective study in China.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Epilepsy and systemic autoimmune diseases: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Epilepsia open · 2025Article
- Safety and Efficacy of a Neonatal Fc Receptor Antagonist in Patients With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- The Role of Neuroinflammation and Network Anomalies in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- Increased Immunoglobulin and Proteoglycan Synthesis in Resected Hippocampal Tissue Predicts Post-Surgical Seizure Recurrence in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2025Article
- Immunological factors in pediatric generalized and focal epilepsy: interplay with anti-seizure medications.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Integrated Mendelian Randomization and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Analysis Identifies Critical Blood Biomarkers and Potential Mechanisms in Epilepsy.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Risk of new-onset seizures following immunization against COVID-19: a self-controlled case-series study.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Identification of plasma proteins associated with seizures in epilepsy: A consensus machine learning approach.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Seizures and epilepsy can result from various aetiologies, yet the underlying cause of several epileptic syndromes remains unclear. In that regard, autoimmune-mediated pathophysiological mechanisms have been gaining attention in the past years and were included as one of the six aetiologies of seizures in the most recent classification of the International League Against Epilepsy. The increasing number of anti-neuronal antibodies identified in patients with encephalitic disorders has contributed to the establishment of an immune-mediated pathophysiology in many cases of unclear aetiology of epileptic syndromes. Yet only a small number of patients with autoimmune encephalitis develop epilepsy in the proper sense where the brain transforms into a state where it will acquire the enduring propensity to produce seizures if it is not hindered by interventions. Hence, the term autoimmune epilepsy is often wrongfully used in the context of autoimmune encephalitis since most of the seizures are acute encephalitis-associated and will abate as soon as the encephalitis is in remission. Given the overlapping clinical presentation of immune-mediated seizures originating from different aetiologies, a clear distinction among the aetiological entities is crucial when it comes to discussing pathophysiological mechanisms, therapeutic options, and long-term prognosis of patients. Moreover, a rapid and accurate identification of patients with immune-mediated epilepsy syndromes is required to ensure an early targeted treatment and, thereby, improve clinical outcome. In this article, we review our current understanding of pathogenesis and critically discuss current and potential novel treatment options for seizures and epilepsy syndromes of underlying or suspected immune-mediated origin. We further outline the challenges in proper terminology.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.