ArticlemSphere2023
Delayed Activation of T Cells at the Site of Infection Facilitates the Establishment of Trypanosoma cruzi in Both Naive and Immune Hosts.
Article in mSphere, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines against chronicExpert review of vaccines · 2026Review
- Glycosomal Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase CRISPR/Cas9-Deletion and Its Role in Trypanosoma cruzi Metacyclogenesis and Infectivity in Mammalian Host.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Protective immunity against Chagas disease induced by a superantigen-based chimeric DNA vaccine delivered by attenuatedFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- The importance of persistence and dormancy in Trypanosoma cruzi infection and Chagas disease.Current opinion in microbiology · 2025Review
- PBMC transcriptomic signatures reflect Trypanosoma cruzi strain diversity and trained immunity in chronically infected macaques.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Targeting macrophage phenotypes to prevent diseases caused byFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of Triatoma dimidiata feces on Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a murine model.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
- Animal models for exploring Chagas disease pathogenesis and supporting drug discovery.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Monocyte-derived extracellular vesicles, stimulated by Trypanosoma cruzi, enhance cellular invasion in vitro via activated TGF-β1.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Chagas disease in immunocompromised patients.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- cGAS-STING Pathway Activation during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Leads to Tissue-Dependent Parasite Control.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Signature of cardiac alterations in early and late chronic infections with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice.PloS one · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Although parasite entry through breaks in the skin or mucosa is one of the main routes of natural transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, little is known about the host cell types initially invaded nor the ability of those host cells to initiate immune responses at the site of infection. To gain insights into these early events, we studied the fate of fluorescently tagged T. cruzi delivered subcutaneously in mouse footpads or ears. We demonstrate that the majority of parasites introduced into the skin initially proliferate there until 8 to 10 days postinfection, when the parasite load decreases. This decline in parasite numbers is dependent on the presence of an intact T cell compartment and on the ability of hosts to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Many of the parasite-containing cells at the initial infection site display a macrophage/monocyte phenotype but with low expression of activation markers, suggesting that these cells provide an early niche for T. cruzi proliferation, rather than being active in parasite control. It is only after the first round of T. cruzi replication and release from host cells that signs of immune activation and control of parasites become apparent. The delay in the activation and failure to rapidly control parasite replication are observed even when T. cruzi-primed T cells are present, such as in chronically infected mice. This failure of a primed immune system to recognize and react prior to extensive parasite expansion at the infection site likely poses a significant challenge for the development of vaccines aiming to prevent T. cruzi infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.