ArticlePediatric research2023
Risk factors for cerebral palsy and movement difficulties in 5-year-old children born extremely preterm.
Article in Pediatric research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the association between maternal age and cerebral palsy incidence: A meta-analysis.Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Burden and predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A seven-year cohort.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Lifelong cognitive and motor outcomes after being born small for gestational age or with fetal growth restriction.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- The intersection of neuroscience, socioeconomic status, and preterm birth.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Prediction tool for independent walking in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a modeling study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental and social determinants of school support received by children born preterm.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Neurodevelopmental, Psychiatric, and Behavioral Consequences of Preterm Birth.Cureus · 2025Review
- Associated impairments among children with cerebral palsy: findings from a cross-sectional hospital-based study in Vietnam.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Apgar Score and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Age 5 Years in Infants Born Extremely Preterm.JAMA network open · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMotor impairment is common after extremely preterm (EPT, <28 weeks' gestational age (GA)) birth, with cerebral palsy (CP) affecting about 10% of children and non-CP movement difficulties (MD) up to 50%. This study investigated the sociodemographic, perinatal and neonatal risk factors for CP and non-CP MD.
methodsData come from a European population-based cohort of children born EPT in 2011-2012 in 11 countries. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess risk factors for CP and non-CP MD (Movement Assessment Battery for Children - 2nd edition ≤5th percentile) compared to no MD (>15th percentile) among 5-year-old children.
resultsCompared to children without MD (n = 366), young maternal age, male sex and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were similarly associated with CP (n = 100) and non-CP MD (n = 224) with relative risk ratios (RRR) ranging from 2.3 to 3.6. CP was strongly related to severe brain lesions (RRR >10), other neonatal morbidities, congenital anomalies and low Apgar score (RRR: 2.4-3.3), while non-CP MD was associated with primiparity, maternal education, small for GA (RRR: 1.6-2.6) and severe brain lesions, but at a much lower order of magnitude.
conclusionCP and non-CP MD have different risk factor profiles, with fewer clinical but more sociodemographic risk factors for non-CP MD. IMPACT: Young maternal age, male sex and bronchopulmonary dysplasia similarly increased risks of both cerebral palsy and non-cerebral palsy movement difficulties. Cerebral palsy was strongly related to clinical risk factors including severe brain lesions and other neonatal morbidities, while non-cerebral palsy movement difficulties were more associated with sociodemographic risk factors. These results on the similarities and differences in risk profiles of children with cerebral palsy and non-cerebral palsy movement difficulties raise questions for etiological research and provide a basis for improving the identification of children who may benefit from follow-up and early intervention.
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