ArticleScientific reports2023
Pre-analytical sample handling effects on tear fluid protein levels.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of 0.1% topical ciclosporin a for 12-weeks on the ocular surface innate and adaptive immune response in dry eye disease: protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Chitinases in Tear Fluid of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Canine Tear Proteomics: A New Frontier in Veterinary Ophthalmology.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Investigation Into the Collection and Isolation Workflows of Extracellular Vesicles From Tears.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Insights into Tear Viscosity: A Study of 240 Volunteers.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Design and Preclinical Validation of an Eyeglass-Coupled Perilimbal Antenna for Retinal Prostheses With a Biocompatible Graft Technique.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Tear fluid as a novel specimen for detection of alpha-synuclein seeding activity in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review of tear fluid proteome alterations in dry eye disease: Insights into pathophysiology and biomarker potential.The ocular surface · 2026Review
- The Effect of FcRn Binding on Ocular Disposition of Monoclonal Antibodies.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Diagnostic methods for managing dry eyes.World journal of methodology · 2025Article
- An Exploratory Analysis of Differential Tear Fluid miRNAs in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Tear fluid proteomics: a comparative study of DIA and DDA mass spectrometry.Journal of mass spectrometry and advances in the clinical lab · 2025Article
- Identification and validation of a tear fluid-derived protein biomarker signature in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Reference genes validation in tear fluid for RNA analysis in ocular surface disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The ocular surface tear film as a biomarker for systemic health.The ocular surface · 2025Review
- Dried Spot Paradigm: Problems and Prospects in Proteomics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Tear-derived extracellular vesicles as diagnostic biomarkers for ocular and neurodegenerative diseases: opportunities and challenges.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Distinct cytokine profiles in plasma and tears highlight ophthalmologic inflammation in type 2 diabetes without retinopathy.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Ocular tear fluid biomarkers collected by contact lenses.Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tear fluid is emerging as a source of non-invasive biomarkers, both for ocular and systemic conditions. Accurate quantification of tear proteins can be improved by standardizing methods to collect and process tear fluid. The aim of this study was to determine sample handling factors that may influence the tear protein biomarker profile. Tear fluid was collected using Schirmer's strips. Tear proteins were extracted by elution through centrifugation. Total protein content was determined using the bicinchoninic acid assay. Key concepts that apply to the entire sample processing cycle are tear sampling, tear storage, protein extraction and data normalization. Differences in wetting or migration length were observed between Schirmer's strips from different manufacturers, and between protein-free and protein-rich solutions. One unit of migration length (mm) did not correspond to one unit of volume (µL). A positive correlation (r = 0.6671, p < 0.0001) was observed between migration length and total tear protein content. The most beneficial storage conditions were strips that were not stored (+ 21.8%), or underwent 'wet' storage (+ 11.1%). Protein recovery was the highest in 400 µL extraction buffer and independent of protein molecular weight. This study helps to explain inter- and intra-variability that is often seen with tear biomarker research. This information is critical to ensure accuracy of test results, as tear biomarkers will be used for patient management and in clinical trials in the near future. This study also highlights the need for standardization of Schirmer's strip manufacturing, tear fluid processing and analyte concentration normalization.
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