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ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2023

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With NMO Spectrum Disorders and MOG-Antibody-Associated Diseases: COPANMO(G)-Study.

Martin W Hümmert, Franziska Bütow, Daria Tkachenko, Ilya Ayzenberg, Thivya Pakeerathan, Kerstin Hellwig, Luisa Klotz, Vivien Häußler, Jan-Patrick Stellmann, Clemens Warnke and 28 more

Open access · goldAbstract readMulticenter Study

PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher

In one paragraph

Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

7citing papers in PubMed

2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 12% of its field

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.

A cluster-randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Assessment of Burden of Chronic Conditions (ABCC) tool in South Tyrolean primary care for patients with COPD, asthma, type 2 diabetes, and heart failure: the ABCC South Tyrol study.Trials · 2024
Trial
Post-COVID-19 Area Postrema Syndrome With SARS-CoV-2 in CSF: A Dual-Case Report and Review of the Literature.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026
Review
The Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disease: A Narrative Review.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026
Review
Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management.Journal of neurology · 2024
Review
Immunosuppressive therapy and COVID-19 infection in patients with NMOSD.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024
Article
Dynamic Trends and Underlying Factors of COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy in Adults: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023
Observational
Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis.Journal of neurology · 2023
Review

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

38 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Martin W HümmertFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Franziska BütowFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Daria TkachenkoFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Ilya AyzenbergFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Thivya PakeerathanFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Kerstin HellwigFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Luisa KlotzFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Vivien HäußlerFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Jan-Patrick StellmannFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Clemens WarnkeFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Yasemin GoereciFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Thorleif EtgenFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Felix LuessiFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Paul BronzlikFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Stefan GingeleFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Ann-Sophie LauensteinFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Ingo KleiterFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Paulus S RommerFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Friedemann PaulFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Judith Bellmann-StroblFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Ankelien DuchowFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Florian Then BerghFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Refik PulFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Annette WalterFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Hannah PellkoferFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Tania KümpfelFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Mosche PompschFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Markus KraemerFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Philipp AlbrechtFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Orhan AktasFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Marius RingelsteinFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Makbule SenelFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Katrin GiglhuberFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Achim BertheleFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Sven JariusFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Brigitte WildemannFrom the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

Corinna Trebst

Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · FR

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesTo evaluate the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the life of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated diseases (MOGAD).

methodsThis multicenter, cross-sectional study included data of 187 patients recruited from 19 different German and Austrian Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) centers between July 2021 and March 2022. The effects of the pandemic on immunotherapeutic treatment and access to care, the possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and the potential effect of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 on disease incidence and relapse risk were assessed using a patient questionnaire. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured with the EuroQoL Group 5-Dimension 5-Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L). Demographic and clinical characteristics were retrieved from the NEMOS database.

resultsOne hundred eighty-seven patients (75% women; median age 47 [range 21-86] years; median disease duration 5.5 [range 0-67] years; median Expanded Disability Status Scale 2.0 [range 0-8.0]; 51% aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-positive, 36% myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG-positive 13% double-seronegative) were analyzed. Most patients maintained excellent access to healthcare services throughout the pandemic. Immunotherapy was not changed in 88% of patients. Ninety-one percent of all patients were satisfied with medical care during the pandemic. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of patients rated their risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 as low or moderate. Among this study sample, 23 patients (12%) knowingly acquired an infection with SARS-CoV-2 and predominantly had a nonsevere course of illness (n = 22/23, 96%). The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate was 89%, with 4 cases of confirmed attack or first manifestation of NMOSD/MOGAD occurring in temporal association with the vaccination (range 2-9 days). The reported HRQoL did not decline compared with a prepandemic assessment (mean EQ-5D-5L index value 0.76, 95% bootstrap confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.80; mean EQ-VAS 66.5, 95% bootstrap CI 63.5-69.3). DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that, overall, patients with NMOSD/MOGAD affiliated with specialized centers received ongoing medical care during the pandemic. Patients' satisfaction with medical care and HRQoL did not decrease.

Indexed as

COVID-19Neuromyelitis OpticaCOVID-19 VaccinesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansImmunoglobulin GMaleMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinPandemicsQuality of LifeSARS-CoV-2COVID-19 VaccinesImmunoglobulin GMyelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein

Identifiers

PMID36693760

DOI10.1212/NXI.0000000000200082

PMCPMC10108387

OpenAlexW4317860930

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