Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36693690›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2023

Protocol for validation of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) for children under 3 years of age in seven countries.

Vanessa Cavallera, Gillian Lancaster, Melissa Gladstone, Maureen M Black, Gareth McCray, Ambreen Nizar, Salahuddin Ahmed, Arup Dutta, Romuald Kouadio E Anago, Alexandra Brentani and 35 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

45 authors.

Vanessa CavalleraDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland cavallerav@who.int.ORCID 0000-0001-5623-9721
Gillian LancasterSchool of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK.
Melissa GladstoneDepartment of Women and Children's Health, Institute of Life COurse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2579-9301
Maureen M BlackInternational Education, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6427-4639
Gareth McCraySchool of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0728-5171
Ambreen NizarDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Salahuddin AhmedResearch, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.ORCID 0000-0001-6771-0638
Arup DuttaCenter for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Romuald Kouadio E AnagoIPA Côte d'Ivoire, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Alexandra BrentaniDepartment of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Fan JiangShanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China.ORCID 0000-0003-0634-101X
Yvonne SchönbeckDepartment of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands.
Dana C McCoyEducation Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Patricia KarigerCenter for Effective Global Action, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA.
Ann M WeberSchool of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8130-5858
Abbie RaikesHealth Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Marcus WaldmanHealth Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Stef van BuurenDepartment of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1098-2119
Raghbir KaurDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Michelle Pérez MaillardDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Muhammad Imran NisarDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-2378-4720
Rasheda KhanamInternational Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9365-8594
Sunil SazawalCenter for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Arsène ZongoIPA Côte d'Ivoire, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Mariana Pacifico MercadanteDepartment of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Yunting ZhangChild Health Advocacy Institute, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Arunangshu D RoyResearch, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.ORCID 0000-0002-6781-6325
Katelyn HepworthHealth Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Günther FinkSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Marta Rubio-CodinaSocial Protection and Health Division, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1286-7918
Fahmida TofailNutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Iris EekhoutDepartment of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-0030-1458
Jonathan SeidenEducation Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Rebecca NortonDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abdullah H BaquiInternational Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Jamila Khalfan AliResearch Division, Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Jin ZhaoDepartment of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China.
Andreas HolzingerIPA Francophone West Africa, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d\'Ivoire.
Symone DetmarDepartment of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands.
Samuel Nzale KembouIPA Côte d'Ivoire, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Farzana BegumDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-8963-0230
Said Mohammed AliInstitution Head, Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Fyezah JehanDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-5874-4358
Tarun DuaDepartment of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Magdalena JanusOfford Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-9500-6776

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionChildren's early development is affected by caregiving experiences, with lifelong health and well-being implications. Governments and civil societies need population-based measures to monitor children's early development and ensure that children receive the care needed to thrive. To this end, the WHO developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) to measure children's early development up to 3 years of age. The GSED includes three measures for population and programmatic level measurement: (1) short form (SF) (caregiver report), (2) long form (LF) (direct administration) and (3) psychosocial form (PF) (caregiver report). The primary aim of this protocol is to validate the GSED SF and LF. Secondary aims are to create preliminary reference scores for the GSED SF and LF, validate an adaptive testing algorithm and assess the feasibility and preliminary validity of the GSED PF. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct the validation in seven countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Pakistan, The Netherlands, People's Republic of China, United Republic of Tanzania), varying in geography, language, culture and income through a 1-year prospective design, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal methods with 1248 children per site, stratified by age and sex. The GSED generates an innovative common metric (Developmental Score: D-score) using the Rasch model and a Development for Age Z-score (DAZ). We will evaluate six psychometric properties of the GSED SF and LF: concurrent validity, predictive validity at 6 months, convergent and discriminant validity, and test-retest and inter-rater reliability. We will evaluate measurement invariance by comparing differential item functioning and differential test functioning across sites. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has received ethical approval from the WHO (protocol GSED validation 004583 20.04.2020) and approval in each site. Study results will be disseminated through webinars and publications from WHO, international organisations, academic journals and conference proceedings. REGISTRATION DETAILS: Open Science Framework https://osf.io/ on 19 November 2021 (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/KX5T7; identifier: osf-registrations-kx5t7-v1).

Indexed as

CaregiversLanguageChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesHumansPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and QuestionnairesDevelopmental neurology & neurodisabilityEPIDEMIOLOGYInternational health servicesMENTAL HEALTHPaediatric neurologyPUBLIC HEALTH

Identifiers

PMID36693690
PMCPMC9884878

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.