Observational studyBMJ open2023
Can prognostic factors for indirect muscle injuries in elite football (soccer) players be identified using data from preseason screening? An exploratory analysis using routinely collected periodic health examination records.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03782389 (The Role of Periodic Health Examination in Determining Lower Extremity Muscle Injury Risk in Elite Football), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Role of Periodic Health Examination in Determining Lower Extremity Muscle Injury Risk in Elite Football (Soccer): A Protocol for an Investigation Into Multivariable Prognostic Model Development, Validation and Prognostic Factor Exploration
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn elite football, periodic health examination (PHE) may be useful for injury risk prediction.
objectiveTo explore whether PHE-derived variables are prognostic factors for indirect muscle injuries (IMIs) in elite players.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingAn English Premier League football club.
participants134 outfield elite male players, over 5 seasons (1 July 2013-19 May 2018). OUTCOME AND ANALYSIS: The outcome was any time-loss, lower extremity index IMI (I-IMI). Prognostic associations were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding statistical significance for 36 variables, derived from univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation. Non-linear associations were explored using fractional polynomials.
resultsDuring 317 participant-seasons, 138 I-IMIs were recorded. Univariable associations were determined for previous calf IMI frequency (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.97), hamstring IMI frequency (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.09), if the most recent hamstring IMI occurred >12 months but <3 years prior to PHE (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.51 to 5.73) and age (OR 1.12 per 1-year increase, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18). Multivariable analyses showed that if a player's most recent previous hamstring IMI was >12 months but <3 years prior to PHE (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 4.53), this was the only variable with added prognostic value over and above age, which was a confirmed prognostic factor (OR 1.12 per 1-year increase, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.18). Allowing non-linear associations conferred no advantage over linear associations.
conclusionPHE has limited use for injury risk prediction. Most variables did not add prognostic value over and above age, other than if a player experienced a hamstring IMI >12 months but <3 years prior to PHE. However, the precision of this prognostic association should be confirmed in future. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03782389.
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