ArticleStudies in family planning2023
Validation of the Fertility Norms Scale and Association with Fertility Intention and Contraceptive Use in India.
Article in Studies in family planning, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impact of a participatory learning and action intervention on unmet need for contraception: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bihar, India.Reproductive health · 2025Trial
- Measuring social norms endorsement and normative influence on contraceptive use among youth (15-24) in northeastern Uganda.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Ideal birth spacing between the first and second child among reproductive-aged women in Shandong Province, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Capturing the Dynamic Nature of Choice: Qualitative Perspectives on Contraceptive Acceptability from Cameroon and Kenya.Studies in family planning · 2025Article
- The state of postpartum contraceptive use in India: descriptive lessons from nationally representative survey data.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- A qualitative analysis of women's reproductive agency and postpartum family planning in Maharashtra, India.PloS one · 2025Article
- Using the 5C Vaccine Hesitancy Framework to Elucidate and Measure Contraceptive Acceptability in sub-Saharan Africa.Global health, science and practice · 2024Article
- Pregnancy intentions and outcomes among young married women in Nepal.AJOG global reports · 2024Article
- Support for sexual and reproductive health and rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: a new index based on World Values Survey data.Reproductive health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Social norms related to fertility may be driving pregnancy desire, timing and contraceptive use, but measurement has lagged. We validated a 10-item injunctive Fertility Norms Scale (FNS) and examined its associations with family planning outcomes among 1021 women and 1020 men in India. FNS captured expectations around pronatalism, childbearing early in marriage and community pressure. We assessed reliability and construct validity through Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) respectively, examining associations with childbearing intention and contraceptive use. FNS demonstrated good reliability (α = 0.65-0.71) and differing sub-constructs by gender. High fertility norm among women was associated with greater likelihood of pregnancy intention [RRR = 2.35 (95% CI: 1.25,4.39); ARRR = 1.53 (95% CI: 0.70,3.30)], lower likelihood of delaying pregnancy [RRR = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.50,0.96); ARRR = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.51,1.02)] and greater ambivalence on delaying pregnancy [RRR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.18,3.14); ARRR = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.21,3.28)]. Women's higher FNS scores were also associated with higher sterilization [RRR = 2.17 (95% CI: 1.28,3.66); ARRR = 2.24 (95% CI: 1.32,3.83)], but the reverse was noted for men [RRR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36,1.04); ARRR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.32,0.94)]. FNS indicated better predictive value among women compared to men for key reproductive outcomes. This measure may be useful for social norms-focused evaluations in family planning and warrants cross-contextual study.
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