ArticleBMJ open2022
Association of area-level education with the regional growth trajectories of rates of antibacterial dispensing to patients under 3 years in Norway: a longitudinal retrospective study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The intersection of the social determinants of health and antimicrobial resistance in human populations: a systematic review.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Antibiotic prescriptions among dentists across Norway and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic.BMC oral health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectiveTo examine the association between area-level education and the local growth trajectories in antibacterial dispensing rates in Norwegian municipalities among children under 3 years old.
designRetrospective, longitudinal study using individual primary care prescription data from the Norwegian Prescription Database for the period 2006-2016. Data were collected on the date of dispensing, the type and amount of antibiotic, the patient's age, sex and municipality of residence and linked to municipality-level statistics on education available from Statistics Norway. We used multilevel growth curve modelling, with a linear trend variable modelled as a random effect and a cross-level interaction between linear trends and the proportion of the population in the municipality having received a university or college education.
settingThe local government level in Norway. The sample includes all municipalities over the study period. OUTCOME MEASURE: Number of dispensed antibacterial prescriptions per 100 children in individual primary care by municipality and year.
resultsWe identified a significant negative linear trend in the square root of the dispensing rate for children under 3 years old during the period. This trend varied between municipalities. A negative cross-level interaction term between population education levels and random trends showed that municipalities with an average level of population education saw a reduction in their square root dispensing rates of -0.053 (95% CI -0.066 to -0.039) prescriptions per 100 children. Each additional percentage point in population education contributed a further -0.0034 (95% CI -0.006 to -0.001) reduction to the square root dispensing rate.
conclusionsMunicipalities in which a larger proportion of the local population have high educational achievements have been more successful in reducing antibacterial dispensing rates in children under 3 years old. Adopting area-level strategies and addressing local community disadvantages may help to optimise practices and prescribing patterns across local communities.
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