ReviewCurrent research in neurobiology2022
A little goes a long way: Neurobiological effects of low intensity rTMS and implications for mechanisms of rTMS.
Review in Current research in neurobiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cortical and subcortical microstructure integrity changes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy in cocaine use disorder and relates to clinical outcomes.Addiction biology · 2024Trial
- Electric Field Navigated 1-Hz rTMS for Poststroke Motor Recovery: The E-FIT Randomized Controlled Trial.Stroke · 2023Trial
- A randomized double-blind sham-controlled preliminary study of a 5-week protocol of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for gambling disorder in Indonesia.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Real-World Safety and Tolerability of Low-Intensity Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- When control isn't controlled: How different experimental sham control conditions complicate TMS evidence in addiction.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- The Heart's Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart-Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Magnetic Field-Guided Magnetic Nanoparticles as Neurotherapeutics for Neurological Disorders and Glioblastoma.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Magnetic NeuroRing: a portable adaptive brain-computer interface for real-time transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke motor rehabilitation.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Article
- Neural-behavioral dissociation under acute high-altitude stress: an exploratory ERP study of non-specific neural recruitment and rTMS effects.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Microstates and connectivity states reveal task-related network reorganization in Alzheimer's disease patients.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Article
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- ExoTMS transcranial magnetic stimulation for the reduction of binge eating symptoms.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Theta Frequency Electromagnetic Stimulation Enhances Functional Recovery After Stroke.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- A wearable repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation device.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Association between white blood cell counts and the efficacy on cognitive function after rTMS intervention in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Extremely Low-Frequency and Low-Intensity Electromagnetic Field Technology (ELF-EMF) Sculpts Microtubules.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Advancing Neuroscience and Therapy: Insights into Genetic and Non-Genetic Neuromodulation Approaches.Cells · 2025Review
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widespread technique in neuroscience and medicine, however its mechanisms are not well known. In this review, we consider intensity as a key therapeutic parameter of rTMS, and review the studies that have examined the biological effects of rTMS using magnetic fields that are orders of magnitude lower that those currently used in the clinic. We discuss how extensive characterisation of "low intensity" rTMS has set the stage for translation of new rTMS parameters from a mechanistic evidence base, with potential for innovative and effective therapeutic applications. Low-intensity rTMS demonstrates neurobiological effects across healthy and disease models, which include depression, injury and regeneration, abnormal circuit organisation, tinnitus etc. Various short and long-term changes to metabolism, neurotransmitter release, functional connectivity, genetic changes, cell survival and behaviour have been investigated and we summarise these key changes and the possible mechanisms behind them. Mechanisms at genetic, molecular, cellular and system levels have been identified with evidence that low-intensity rTMS and potentially rTMS in general acts through several key pathways to induce changes in the brain with modulation of internal calcium signalling identified as a major mechanism. We discuss the role that preclinical models can play to inform current clinical research as well as uncover new pathways for investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.