ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Major alterations to monocyte and dendritic cell subsets lasting more than 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Long-term ocular symptoms following COVID-19 linked to immune dysregulation, dysautonomia and peripheral neuropathy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Immunophenotyping of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Suggests Distinct Pathophysiology in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A perfect storm: the immunological and pathophysiological landscape of pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- A pain from the nose to the head: neurological commitment during long COVID.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Post-Pandemic Surge in Complications of Acute Otitis Media.Turkish archives of otorhinolaryngology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with an Accelerated eGFR Decline in Kidney Transplant Recipients up to Four Years Post Infection.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Transcriptome analysis of classical blood cells reveals downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in the classical monocytes of long COVID patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Insights from immunomics and metabolomics on the associations between prostatic diseases and coronavirus disease 2019.Prostate international · 2024Article
- Sex differences and immune correlates of Long COVID development, persistence, and resolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Challenges and opportunities in long COVID research.Immunity · 2024Article
- A Comprehensive Review of the Global Epidemiology, Clinical Management, Socio-Economic Impacts, and National Responses to Long COVID with Future Research Directions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The role of dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
- Review
- The immunology of long COVID.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Changing Face of Inflammatory Activation in Complex Coronary Artery Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2023Article
- Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Suppressive myeloid cells in SARS-CoV-2 andFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Pentameric C-reactive protein is a better prognostic biomarker and remains elevated for longer than monomeric CRP in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: After more than two years the Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to burden healthcare systems and economies worldwide, and it is evident that the effects on the immune system can persist for months post-infection. The activity of myeloid cells such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) is essential for correct mobilization of the innate and adaptive responses to a pathogen. Impaired levels and responses of monocytes and DC to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is likely to be a driving force behind the immune dysregulation that characterizes severe COVID-19. Methods: Here, we followed a cohort of COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the early waves of the pandemic for 6-7 months. The levels and phenotypes of circulating monocyte and DC subsets were assessed to determine both the early and long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: We found increased monocyte levels that persisted for 6-7 months, mostly attributed to elevated levels of classical monocytes. Myeloid derived suppressor cells were also elevated over this period. While most DC subsets recovered from an initial decrease, we found elevated levels of cDC2/cDC3 at the 6-7 month timepoint. Analysis of functional markers on monocytes and DC revealed sustained reduction in program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression but increased CD86 expression across almost all cell types examined. Finally, C-reactive protein (CRP) correlated positively to the levels of intermediate monocytes and negatively to the recovery of DC subsets. Conclusion: By exploring the myeloid compartments, we show here that alterations in the immune landscape remain more than 6 months after severe COVID-19, which could be indicative of ongoing healing and/or persistence of viral antigens.
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