ReviewViruses2023
Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors.
Review in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Telomere length in subjects with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2024Pooled it
- Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalised at Selected Central Hospitals in Malawi: A Retrospective Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Severe Vision Impairment and Its Association with COVID-19 Susceptibility, Severity, and Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Identifying severe COVID-19 risk variants modulating enhancer reporter activity in lung cells.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Machine learning, whole genome sequencing, and Mendelian randomization support a role of CRP on COVID-19 severity.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Higher 25(OH)D Levels at Admission Predict a Favorable Disease Evolution in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection disrupts lower respiratory tract microbiome function and interactions.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Ischaemic heart disease is the factor associated with severe COVID-19 in the urban population of Uzbekistan: a single‑center retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: An observational study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic determinants of metabolic-inflammatory dysregulation and machine learning prediction of COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Systematic Determinants of Global COVID-19 Burden: Longitudinal Time-Series Analysis Using Big Data-Driven Artificial Intelligence.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 subvariants on postoperative outcomes in geriatric hip fracture patients - a multinational multicentre study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Hospital readmission rates and factors due to COVID-19 reinfections: a registry-based cohort study in Brazil (2020-2022).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Special Issue: Molecular Research and Insights into COVID-19: 2nd Edition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Precautionary Health Behaviours as Potential Confounders in COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Studies.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Association of RBD mutations with COVID-19 disease severity in the Iranian population.Virus genes · 2025Article
- Trends in interstitial lung disease and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States from 1999 to 2022.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.