Electrochemical Sensors for Controlling Oxygen Content and Corrosion Processes in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Coolant-State of the Art.

Sergey N Orlov, Nikita A Bogachev, Andrey S Mereshchenko, Alexandr A Zmitrodan, Mikhail Yu Skripkin

Open access · goldAbstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

2citing papers in PubMed

1.1field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.

Synergistic Optimization of Reference Electrode and Solid Electrolyte for Bi/BiMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Article
Liquid metals power advanced nuclear energy systems.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2025
Review

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Sergey N OrlovInstitute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-2735-6712

Nikita A BogachevInstitute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.

Andrey S MereshchenkoInstitute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.ORCID 0000-0001-9390-1446

Alexandr A ZmitrodanFederal State Unitary Enterprise "Alexandrov Research Institute of Technology", 72, Koporskoe Shosse, 188540 Sosnovy Bor, Russia.

Mikhail Yu SkripkinInstitute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.ORCID 0000-0001-9841-150X

St Petersburg University · RUResearch Institute of Technology (Russia) · RU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Controlling oxygen content in the primary circuit of nuclear reactors is one of the key tasks needed to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants where lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE) is used as a coolant. If the oxygen concentration is low, active corrosion of structural materials takes place; upon increase in oxygen content, slag accumulates due to the formation of lead oxide. The generally accepted method of measuring the oxygen content in LBE is currently potentiometry. The sensors for measuring oxygen activity (electrochemical oxygen sensors) are galvanic cells with two electrodes (lead-bismuth coolant serves as working electrode) separated by a solid electrolyte. Control of corrosion and slag accumulation processes in circuits exploring LBE as a coolant is also based on data obtained by electrochemical oxygen sensors. The disadvantages of this approach are the low efficiency and low sensitivity of control. The alternative, Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Sensors, are proposed for Real-Time Corrosion Monitoring in LBE system. Currently their applicability in static LBE at temperatures up to 600 °C is shown.

Indexed as

AlloysBismuthCorrosionLeadOxygenAlloysBismuthbismuth leadLeadOxygencorrosionimpedance spectroscopylead-bismuth eutectic coolantoxygen activity sensorsprotective filmstructural materials

Identifiers

PMID36679606

DOI10.3390/s23020812

PMCPMC9862473

OpenAlexW4315570852

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.