ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) of Clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt, 2021-2022.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- First report of molecular genotyping, pathotyping, and histopathological characterization of lentogenic genotype II Newcastle disease virus circulating in young ostrich flocks in Egypt.Veterinary world · 2026Article
- First detection of an H5N2 subtype of Influenza A virus detected in Charadrius collaris from the Brazilian Pantanal.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genomic surveillance and evolution of co-circulating avian influenza H5N1 and H5N8 viruses in Egypt, 2022-2024.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Genomic and evolutionary characterization of newly emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade (2023-2025).Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b: Global Impact and Summary Analysis of Vaccine Trials.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding avian influenza among poultry farmers near migratory bird habitats in Guidong County, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Analysis of the Monophyletic Lineage of Avian Influenza H5N1 Which Circulated in Venezuelan Birds During the 2022-2023 Outbreak.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- Vaccine optimization for highly pathogenic avian influenza: Assessment of antibody responses and protection for virus-like particle vaccines in chickens.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Pathological and phylogenetic characteristics of fowl AOAV-1 and H5 isolated from naturally infected Meleagris Gallopavo.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from Peru forms a monophyletic group with Chilean isolates in South America.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- We are underestimating, again, the true burden of H5N1 in humans.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Avian influenza, new aspects of an old threat.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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20 authors.
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Abstract
Wild migratory birds have the capability to spread avian influenza virus (AIV) over long distances as well as transmit the virus to domestic birds. In this study, swab and tissue samples were obtained from 190 migratory birds during close surveillance in Egypt in response to the recent outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. The collected samples were tested for a variety of AIV subtypes (H5N1, H9N2, H5N8, and H6N2) as well as other pathogens such as NDV, IBV, ILT, IBDV, and WNV. Among all of the tested samples, the HPAI H5N1 virus was found in six samples; the other samples were found to be negative for all of the tested pathogens. The Egyptian HPAI H5N1 strains shared genetic traits with the HPAI H5N1 strains that are currently being reported in Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa in 2021-2022. Whole genome sequencing revealed markers associated with mammalian adaption and virulence traits among different gene segments, similar to those found in HPAI H5N1 strains detected in Europe and Africa. The detection of the HPAI H5N1 strain of clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds in Egypt underlines the risk of the introduction of this strain into the local poultry population. Hence, there is reason to be vigilant and continue epidemiological and molecular monitoring of the AIV in close proximity to the domestic-wild bird interface.
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