ArticleNutrients2023
Human Milk Processing and Its Effect on Protein and Leptin Concentrations.
Article in Nutrients, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Laser-based mid-IR spectroscopy as a rapid analytical technique for the quantification of human milk proteins.Current research in food science · 2026Article
- Donor human milk pasteurization methods and the effect on milk components as they relate to Necrotizing enterocolitis.Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine · 2025Review
- Changes in Protein Levels during the Storage and Warming of Breast Milk in a Domestic Environment.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Effect of Hyperbaric Storage on the Nutritional Value and Retention of Certain Bioactive Proteins in Human Milk.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Human Milk-The Biofluid That Nourishes Infants from the First Day of Life.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Maternal Diet Influences Human Milk Protein Concentration and Adipose Tissue Marker.Nutrients · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: For the storage of human milk (HM), freezing, thawing, and/or pasteurization are routinely used in neonatal intensive care units. We aimed to analyze the effects of different HM processing types on the nutritional contents in HM, adipose tissue, and the neuroprotection markers leptin and adiponectin. (2) Methods: HM samples from 136 mothers of preterm and term infants (gestational age 23 + 0 to 41 + 6) were collected and divided into four groups: (i) fresh HM, (ii) fresh pasteurized HM, (iii) thawed HM, and (iv) thawed pasteurized HM. The macronutrients were analyzed by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy and the adiponectin and leptin were analyzed by high-sensitivity adiponectin and leptin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (3) Results: No significant differences were observed in the protein, carbohydrate, or fat concentrations between the HM processing types. The leptin levels were significantly lower after pasteurization in comparison to HM without pasteurization (p < 0.001). The protein levels in extremely preterm HM were significantly lower compared to those in moderate/late preterm HM and term HM (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: HM processing had an impact on leptin concentrations but no effect on the protein level. These data support the use of unpasteurized human milk for preterm infants’ nutrition and normal brain development. The protein levels of the milk of mothers from preterm compared to full-term infants differed, underlining the importance of individualized target fortification.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.