ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2023
Effects of COVID-19 Financial and Social Hardships on Infants' and Toddlers' Development in the ECHO Program.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant and toddler development: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and neurodevelopmental delay in early childhood (1 to 3 years): An Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) study.Environment international · 2026Article
- Time trends and area-level socioeconomic inequalities in early childhood development at 2-2.5 years old in England between 2019 and 2025: a local area ecological study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic Exposure and Toddler Behavioral Health in the ECHO Program.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 era on preventative primary care for children 0-5 years old: a scoping review.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- Annual Research Review: How did COVID-19 affect young children's language environment and language development? A scoping review.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Financial concerns and psychological distress among Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating role of benefit finding and received pay.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Opportunities for understanding the COVID-19 pandemic and child health in the United States: the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 12 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe financial hardships and social isolation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic have been found to adversely affect children's developmental outcomes. While many studies thus far have focused on school-aged children and the pandemic-related impacts on their academic skills and behavior problems, relatively less is known about pandemic hardships and associations with children's development during their early years. Using a racially and economically diverse sample, we examined whether hardships experienced during the pandemic were associated with children's development with a particular focus on communication and socioemotional development.
methodsParticipants from eight cohorts of the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program provided data on pandemic-related financial and social hardships as well as child developmental outcomes. Financial hardship was defined as at least one parent experiencing job loss or change, and social hardship was defined as families' quarantining from household members or extended family and friends. The development of children under 4 was assessed longitudinally, before and during the pandemic (N = 684), using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). The Generalized Estimating Equations, which accounted for within-child correlation, were used for analysis.
resultsFamilies from minority backgrounds and low socioeconomic status disproportionately experienced pandemic-related hardships. Male children had higher odds of experiencing negative changes in communication and personal social skills from pre- to during-pandemic visits (ORs ranged between 2.24 and 3.03 in analysis with binary ASQ outcomes and ranged from -0.34-0.36 in analyses with ASQ z-scores,
conclusionNegative developmental changes from pre- to during-pandemic were found in boys, yet we did not find any associations between increased experience of pandemic-related hardships and children's development. E how pandemic hardships affect development using a larger sample size and with longer follow-up is warranted.
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