ReviewBiomedicines2022
Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians.
Review in Biomedicines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Narcolepsy with co-occurring epilepsy: diagnostic pitfalls and management strategy.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Adaptive immune dysregulation drives new-onset refractory status epilepticus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- LGI1 Antibody-Associated Encephalitis Complicated with Sjögren's Syndrome and Acute Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report and Literature ReviewEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Antineuronal antibody titres in autoimmune encephalitis: clinical implications for diagnosis and long-term immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- GAD65-positive autoimmune-associated epilepsy presenting with Ictal Hand Kissing; an uncommon presentation of a rare disease.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2025Article
- Neuro-immune crosstalk in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Electroencephalographic biomarkers of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical spectrum and long-term outcomes of antibody-negative severe autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Seizure Outcomes in Antibody-Positive Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Antibody-associated Epilepsy and Diplopia: Two Case Reports with Literature Review.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Review
- An Autopsy-proven Case-based Review of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Experimental neurobiology · 2024Review
- NORSE/FIRES: how can we advance our understanding of this devastating condition?Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Efficacy of Perampanel in Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus with Suspected Inflammatory Etiology: A Case Series.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Cenobamate and Clobazam Combination as Personalized Medicine in Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsy With Anti-Gad65 Antibodies.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Eating reflex epilepsy of presumed autoimmune etiology after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Perampanel use in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis-related seizures and epilepsy: a retrospective case series.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The most recent International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification has included "immune etiology" along with other well-known causes of epilepsy. This was possible thanks to the progress in detection of pathogenic neural antibodies (Abs) in a subset of patients, and resulted in an increased interest in identifying potentially treatable causes of otherwise refractory seizures. Most autoimmune encephalitides (AE) present with seizures, but only a minority of cases evolve to long-term epilepsy. The risk of epilepsy is higher for patients harboring Abs targeting intracellular antigens (T cell-mediated and mostly paraneoplastic, such as Hu, CV2/CRMP5, Ma2, GAD65 Abs), compared with patients with neuronal surface Abs (antibody-mediated and less frequently paraneoplastic, such as NMDAR, GABAbR, LGI1, CASPR2 Abs). To consider these aspects, conceptual definitions for two entities were provided: acute symptomatic seizures secondary to AE, and autoimmune-associated epilepsy, which reflect the different pathophysiology and prognoses. Through this manuscript, we provide an up-to-date review on the current state of knowledge concerning diagnosis and management of patients with Ab-mediated encephalitis and associated epilepsy. Special emphasis is placed on clinical aspects, such as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specificities, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, cancer screening and suggestions for a rational therapeutic approach.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.