ArticleToxics2023
Gestational Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood.
Article in Toxics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping evidence on maternal metabolic conditions and child neurodevelopment in the Caribbean: a scoping review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal bioactive lipids during pregnancy and early childhood neurodevelopment and behavior.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Effects of Phthalate Exposure on Oral Microbiome Diversity and Enrichment of Gemella and Streptococcus.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and neurodevelopmental delay in early childhood (1 to 3 years): An Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) study.Environment international · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to phthalates and alternative plasticizers and emotional and behavioral outcomes in early childhood in the Environmental influences on Child Health outcomes (ECHO) cohort.Environment international · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to phthalate mixtures and child neurodevelopment in toddlers aged 1-3 years from the PROTECT birth cohort.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Article
- Biospecimens in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study: Rationale and protocol.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2024Article
- Impact of Skin Care Products on Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Children: the ECHO-FGS.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Association between pre- and postnatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes: an extensive review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- Regrettable Substitutes and the Brain: What Animal Models and Human Studies Tell Us about the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Bisphenol, Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, and Phthalate Replacements.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Gestational glyphosate exposure and early childhood neurodevelopment in a Puerto Rico birth cohort.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Exploring the link between the pediatric exposome, respiratory health, and executive function in children: a narrative review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Associations of phthalates, phthalate replacements, and their mixtures with eicosanoid biomarkers during pregnancy.Environment international · 2023Article
- Perinatal and postnatal exposure to phthalates and early neurodevelopment at 6 months in healthy infants born at term.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Phthalates have been linked to changes in child neurodevelopment. However, sex-specificity has been reported inconsistently, and little is known about the impact of recent phthalate replacement chemicals. Our analysis included mother−child pairs (N = 274) from the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico. Phthalate metabolites were measured in multiple maternal urine collected during pregnancy. Neurodevelopment was measured at 6, 12, and 24 months of age using the Battelle Developmental Inventory-2nd edition (BDI), which provides scores for adaptive, personal-social, communication, motor, and cognitive domains. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between phthalate metabolite concentrations and BDI scores, adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, child age, and specific gravity. Sex-specificity was assessed with sex X exposure interaction terms and stratified models. Results show that all five domains were significantly associated with mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) at age 24 months, suggesting a holistic developmental delay related to this metabolite. Sex-specificity existed for all timepoints (p-interaction < 0.2), in general, showing stronger associations among boys. For example, metabolites of a recent phthalate replacement, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), were differentially associated with the adaptive domain (boys −7.53%/IQR, 95% CI: −14.58, −0.48 vs. girls −0.85%/IQR, 95% CI: −5.08, 3.37), and the cognitive domain (boys −6.05%/IQR, 95% CI: −10.88, −1.22 vs. girls −1.93%/IQR, 95%CI: −4.14, 0.28) at 6 months. To conclude, gestational exposure to phthalates and phthalate replacements was associated with neurodevelopmental delay across multiple domains, with differences by sex and child age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.