ReviewAnnals of translational medicine2022
Radiation-induced PD-L1 expression in tumor and its microenvironment facilitates cancer-immune escape: a narrative review.
Review in Annals of translational medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Inflamed Yet Immune-Evasive? A Transcriptomic Meta-Analysis Identifies Conserved Inflammatory, Developmental, and Neuronal Signatures Associated with Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in proficient MMR rectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Induction chemoimmunotherapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer: a single-arm phase 2 trial.The oncologist · 2026Trial
- MicroRNA regulation of macrophage polarization in lung cancer: Regulatory networks and therapeutic potential (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances the Abscopal Effect of [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- RAS signaling at the crossroads of radioresistance and tumor immunity.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Timing matters: how mechanism-guided sequencing shapes the efficacy of radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations : A systematic review.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Diffuse Midline Glioma: Emerging Mediators of Radiation Response and Therapeutic Resistance.Cancers · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity of macrophages in PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy: a single-cell perspective.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- Tumor-Derived Exosomes Deliver Membrane-Bound Fgl2 to Activate FcγRIIB-Mediated Immunosuppression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Michelolide Enhances the Anticancer Efficacy of Radiation by Downregulating PD-L1 Protein Levels in Tumor Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Pre-treatment of cabozantinib prior to hypofractionated radiotherapy increases immunomodulatory effects and tumor size reduction in a 4T1 breast cancer murine model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Radiation as an immune modulator: mechanisms and implications for combination with immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Current evidence and strategies for bridging therapy in CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphomas.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- Next generation approaches in cancer immunotherapy targeting mechanisms beyond PD1 and PDL1.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Early effects of ionizing radiation on molecular modifications and hallmarks of Immunogenic cell death in mouse tumor cells.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Integrating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Proficient Mismatch Repair Rectal Cancer.Annals of gastroenterological surgery · 2026Review
- Reconceptualizing glioblastoma immunotherapy: a four-pillar framework to overcome multidimensional resistance.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Serum USP1 and PD-L1 levels independently predict treatment response and prognosis in cervical cancer: a retrospective cohort study.American journal of cancer research · 2026Article
- The tumor microenvironment as a key regulator of radiotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Objective: Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the fundamental anti-cancer regimens by means of inducing in situ tumor vaccination and driving a systemic anti-tumor immune response. It can affect the tumor microenvironment (TME) components consisting of blood vessels, immunocytes, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM), and might subsequently suppress anti-tumor immunity through expression of molecules such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 therapies, have been regarded as effective in the reinvigoration of the immune system and another major cancer treatment. Experimentally, combination of RT and ICIs therapy shows a greater synergistic effect than either therapy alone. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature in the PubMed database. The research string comprised various combinations of "radiotherapy", "programmed death-ligand 1", "microenvironment", "exosome", "myeloid cell", "tumor cell", "tumor immunity". The database was searched independently by two authors. A third reviewer mediated any discordance of the results of the two screeners. Key Content and Findings: RT upregulates PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and macrophages. The signaling pathways correlated to PD-L1 expression in tumor cells include the DNA damage signaling pathway, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) pathway, cGAS-STING pathway, and JAK/STATs pathway. Conclusions: PD-L1 upregulation post-RT is found not only in tumor cells but also in the TME and is one of the mechanisms of tumor evasion. Therefore, further studies are necessary to fully comprehend this biological process. Meanwhile, combination of therapies has been shown to be effective, and novel approaches are to be developed as adjuvant to RT and ICIs therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.