ArticleBMC complementary medicine and therapies2023
Effects of opium use on one-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the patients with ST-segment elevation MI undergoing primary PCI: a propensity score matched - machine learning based study.
Article in BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of machine learning models with conventional statistical methods for prediction of percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Machine learning prediction of physician-assigned treatment categories from pre-procedural electronic medical record data in cardiac patients: A multiclass classification study.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Risk Prediction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Within One Year After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Machine Learning-Based Time-to-Event Analysis.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Observational
- Machine Learning Applications in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis, Outcomes and Management.Advances in therapy · 2025Review
- How Does Opium Dependency Affect the Myocardial Infarction Outcomes? :.Galen medical journal · 2025Article
- Triglyceride-glucose index as a predictor of cardiac adverse events in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: role of diabetes.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Observational
- Prediabetes and major adverse cardiac events after acute coronary syndrome: An overestimated concept.Clinical cardiology · 2024Article
- The association between metabolic syndrome and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundConsiderable number of people still use opium worldwide and many believe in opium's health benefits. However, several studies proved the detrimental effects of opium on the body, especially the cardiovascular system. Herein, we aimed to provide the first evidence regarding the effects of opium use on one-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI) who underwent primary PCI.
methodsWe performed a propensity score matching of 2:1 (controls: opium users) that yielded 518 opium users and 1036 controls. Then, we performed conventional statistical and machine learning analyses on these matched cohorts. Regarding the conventional analysis, we performed multivariate analysis for hazard ratio (HR) of different variables and MACE and plotted Kaplan Meier curves. In the machine learning section, we used two tree-based ensemble algorithms, Survival Random Forest and XGboost for survival analysis. Variable importance (VIMP), tree minimal depth, and variable hunting were used to identify the importance of opium among other variables.
resultsOpium users experienced more one-year MACE than their counterparts, although it did not reach statistical significance (Opium: 72/518 (13.9%), Control: 112/1036 (10.8%), HR: 1.27 (95% CI: 0.94-1.71), adjusted p-value = 0.136). Survival random forest algorithm ranked opium use as 13th, 13th, and 12th among 26 variables, in variable importance, minimal depth, and variable hunting, respectively. XGboost revealed opium use as the 12th important variable. Partial dependence plot demonstrated that opium users had more one-year MACE compared to non-opium-users.
conclusionsOpium had no protective effects on one-year MACE after primary PCI on patients with STEMI. Machine learning and one-year MACE analysis revealed some evidence of its possible detrimental effects, although the evidence was not strong and significant. As we observed no strong evidence on protective or detrimental effects of opium, future STEMI guidelines may provide similar strategies for opium and non-opium users, pending the results of forthcoming studies. Governments should increase the public awareness regarding the evidence for non-beneficial or detrimental effects of opium on various diseases, including the outcomes of primary PCI, to dissuade many users from relying on false beliefs about opium's benefits to continue its consumption.
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