Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36654920›Full record

Article3D printing and additive manufacturing2020

Sequential Multimaterial Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Biopolymer Composites.

Nic A Lee, Ramon E Weber, Joseph H Kennedy, Josh J Van Zak, Miana Smith, Jorge Duro-Royo, Neri Oxman

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in 3D printing and additive manufacturing, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. 3D Printable Biocomposites with Tunable Environmental Degradability.3D printing and additive manufacturing · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nic A LeeMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ramon E WeberMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Joseph H KennedyMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Josh J Van ZakMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Miana SmithMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Jorge Duro-RoyoMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Neri OxmanMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cellulose, chitin, and pectin are three of the most abundant natural materials on Earth. Despite this, large-scale additive manufacturing with these biopolymers is used only in limited applications and frequently relies on extensive refinement processes or plastic additives. We present novel developments in a digital fabrication and design approach for multimaterial three-dimensional printing of biopolymers. Specifically, our computational and digital fabrication workflow-sequential multimaterial additive manufacturing-enables the construction of biopolymer composites with continuously graded transitional zones using only a single extruder. We apply this method to fabricate structures on length scales ranging from millimeters to meters. Transitional regions between materials created using these methods demonstrated comparable mechanical properties with homogenous mixtures of the same composition. We present a computational workflow and physical system support a novel and flexible form of multimaterial additive manufacturing with a diverse array of potential applications.

Indexed as

additive manufacturingbiopolymerscellulosechitosanfunctionally graded materialshydrogelspectin

Identifiers

PMID36654920
PMCPMC9586237

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.