ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2023
The price of defence: toxins, visual signals and oxidative state in an aposematic butterfly.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Common grass blue butterflies (Zizina otis) are toxic throughout their geographic range.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Sexual differences in defensive strategies: investigating chemical defences and visual signals in a wasp mothRoyal Society open science · 2025Article
- Chemical defences indicate bold colour patterns with reduced variability in aposematic nudibranchs.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Cardenolides in the defensive fluid of adult large milkweed bugs have differential potency on vertebrate and invertebrate predator NaRoyal Society open science · 2024Article
- Pattern variation is linked to anti-predator coloration in butterfly larvae.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- No-cost meals might not exist for insects feeding on toxic plants.Biology open · 2023Review
- Antioxidant availability trades off with warning signals and toxin sequestration in the large milkweed bug (Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- The price of defence: toxins, visual signals and oxidative state in an aposematic butterfly.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In a variety of aposematic species, the conspicuousness of an individual's warning signal and the quantity of its chemical defence are positively correlated. This apparent honest signalling is predicted by resource competition models which assume that the production and maintenance of aposematic defences compete for access to antioxidant molecules that have dual functions as pigments and in protecting against oxidative damage. To test for such trade-offs, we raised monarch butterflies (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.