ArticlePloS one2023
The Targeted Maximum Likelihood estimation to estimate the causal effects of the previous tuberculosis treatment in Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Sudan.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of causal inference methods in case-control studies: a methodology review.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Review
- Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Outcomes in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo, During a Humanitarian Crisis (2018-2024).Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- "Colorectal Cancer Care Quality in a Developing Country: Insights from a Comparison of Teaching and Non-teaching Hospitals in Iran".PloS one · 2025Article
- Comparison of outcomes between off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery using collaborative targeted maximum likelihood estimation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- The effect of smoking on latent hazard classes of metabolic syndrome using latent class causal analysis method in the Iranian population.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThis study used Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) as a double robust method to estimate the causal effect of previous tuberculosis treatment history on the occurrence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). TMLE is a method to estimate the marginal statistical parameters in case-control study design. The aim of this study was to estimate the causal effect of the previous tuberculosis treatment on the occurrence of MDR-TB using TMLE in Sudan.
methodA case-control study design combined with TMLE was used to estimate parameters. Cases were MDR-TB patients and controls were and patients who cured from tuberculosis. The history of previous TB treatment was considered the main exposure, and MDR-TB as an outcome. A designed questionnaire was used to collect a set of covariates including age, time to reach a health facility, number of times stopping treatment, gender, education level, and contact with MDR-TB cases. TMLE method was used to estimate the causal association of parameters. Statistical analysis was carried out with ltmle package in R-software. Result presented in graph and tables.
resultsA total number of 430 cases and 860 controls were included in this study. The estimated risk difference of the previous tuberculosis treatment was (0.189, 95% CI; 0.161, 0.218) with SE 0.014, and p-value (<0.001). In addition, the estimated risk ratio was (16.1, 95% CI; 12.932, 20.001) with SE = 0.014 and p-value (<0.001).
conclusionOur findings indicated that previous tuberculosis treatment history was determine as a risk factor for MDR-TB in Sudan. Also, TMLE method can be used to estimate the risk difference and the risk ratio in a case-control study design.
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