ArticleBiology of reproduction2023
Inactivation of growth differentiation factor 9 blocks folliculogenesis in pigs†.
Article in Biology of reproduction, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Application and Effects of GDF9 as a Novel Inductive Additive on Early Ovarian Development in Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica).Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Versatile SMAD2 and SMAD3 epitope-tagged mouse models for genomic profiling of TGFβ signaling: Uncovering GDF9-SMAD2/3 targets.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Biological Functions of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 in Early Ovarian Development of Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica).Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of programmed cell death in livestock follicular development and atresia: a review.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Protective effect of luteinizing hormone on frozen-thawed ovarian follicles and granulosa cells.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is a secreted protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and has been well characterized for its role during folliculogenesis in the ovary. Although previous studies in mice and sheep have shown that mutations in GDF9 disrupt follicular progression, the exact role of GDF9 in pigs has yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to understand the role of GDF9 in ovarian function by rapidly generating GDF9 knockout (GDF9-/-) pigs by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Three single-guide RNAs designed to disrupt porcine GDF9 were injected with Cas9 mRNA into zygotes, and blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred into surrogates. One pregnancy was sacrificed on day 100 of gestation to investigate the role of GDF9 during oogenesis. Four female fetuses were recovered with one predicted to be GDF9-/- and the others with in-frame mutations. All four had fully formed oocytes within primordial follicles, confirming that knockout of GDF9 does not disrupt oogenesis. Four GDF9 mutant gilts were generated and were grown past puberty. One gilt was predicted to completely lack functional GDF9 (GDF9-/-), and the gilt never demonstrated standing estrus and had a severely underdeveloped reproductive tract with large ovarian cysts. Further examination revealed that the follicles from the GDF9-/- gilt did not progress past preantral stages, and the uterine vasculature was less extensive than the control pigs. By using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we demonstrated that GDF9 is a critical growth factor for proper ovarian development and function in pigs.
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