ArticleNature communications2023
Micro and macroevolution of sea anemone venom phenotype.
Article in Nature communications, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stable yet shifting: Early toxin dynamics in typical and atypical clownfish-anemone symbioses.Toxicon: X · 2026Article
- Is a Commensal Here, a Pathogen There? Genotype Specific Responses by the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis to Vibrio Species.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- A Matter of Degrees: Latitudinal Variation in the Transcriptional Response to High and Low Temperatures in an Estuarine Cnidarian.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Heat Stress Drives Rapid Viral and Antiviral Innate Immunity Activation in Hexacorallia.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Duplication of a conserved mitochondrial enzyme gene arms parasitoid wasps with venom cytotoxicity and oogenesis regulation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Article
- Hypoxia Disrupts Sex-Specific Physiology and Gene Expression Leading to Decreased Fitness in the Estuarine Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- De novo genome assembly of the Edwardsiid anthozoan Edwardsia elegans.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Article
- A Vision for VenomsBase: An Integrated Knowledgebase for the Study of Venoms and Their Applications.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Molecular Insights into the Low Complexity Secreted Venom of Calliactis polypus.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Prey Shifts Drive Venom Evolution in Cone Snails.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of the Widely Distributed CAP Superfamily in Spider Venom.Toxins · 2024Article
- Coming of age in venom research.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Sea Anemone Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin Superfamily Demonstrates an Evolutionary Transitional State between Venomous and Developmental Functions.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Towards the Exploration and Evolution of Insulin-like Venoms in Actiniaria (Marine drugs · 2024Review
- Venom trade-off shapes interspecific interactions, physiology, and reproduction.Science advances · 2024Article
- Article
- Venomics Reveals the Venom Complexity of Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2024Article
- ToxCodAn-Genome: an automated pipeline for toxin-gene annotation in genome assembly of venomous lineages.GigaScience · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Venom is a complex trait with substantial inter- and intraspecific variability resulting from strong selective pressures acting on the expression of many toxic proteins. However, understanding the processes underlying toxin expression dynamics that determine the venom phenotype remains unresolved. By interspecific comparisons we reveal that toxin expression in sea anemones evolves rapidly and that in each species different toxin family dictates the venom phenotype by massive gene duplication events. In-depth analysis of the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, revealed striking variation of the dominant toxin (Nv1) diploid copy number across populations (1-24 copies) resulting from independent expansion/contraction events, which generate distinct haplotypes. Nv1 copy number correlates with expression at both the transcript and protein levels with one population having a near-complete loss of Nv1 production. Finally, we establish the dominant toxin hypothesis which incorporates observations in other venomous lineages that animals have convergently evolved a similar strategy in shaping their venom.
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