ArticleSociological methodology2020
Constraints in Random Effects Age-Period-Cohort Models.
Article in Sociological methodology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trends and age-period-cohort analysis of migraine incidence in China from 1990 to 2021.PloS one · 2026Article
- Trends and burden of urolithiasis in China, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 with future projections to 2036.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- Life Course and Cohort Patterns in Screen Time Among School-Aged Children in the United States.Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- Smooth predictions for age-period-cohort models: a comparison between splines and random process.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Age-period-cohort effects of adult cigarette smoking in the united States, 1971-2020.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The teachers who leave: Teacher attrition in Burkina Faso.International journal of educational development · 2025Article
- Article
- Social Change and Race-Specific Homicide Trajectories: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.The Journal of research in crime and delinquency · 2024Article
- Gender differences in the prevalence of mental distress in East and West Germany over time: a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis, 2006-2021.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Trend analysis and age-period-cohort effects on morbidity and mortality of liver cancer from 2010 to 2020 in Guangzhou, China.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Generational differences in mental health trends in the twenty-first century.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Describing and explaining age, period, and cohort trends in Americans' vocabulary knowledge.Population research and policy review · 2023Article
- Age-period-cohort analysis of depression trends: are depressive symptoms increasing across generations in Germany?European journal of ageing · 2022Article
- The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics.Sociological methods & research · 2022Article
- APCI: An R and Stata Package for Visualizing and Analyzing Age-Period-Cohort Data.The R journal · 2022Article
- Heterogeneous Effects of Intergenerational Social Mobility: An Improved Method and New Evidence.American sociological review · 2022Article
- Article
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2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Random effects (RE) models have been widely used to study the contextual effects of structures such as neighborhood or school. The RE approach has recently been applied to age-period-cohort (APC) models that are unidentified because the predictors are exactly linearly dependent. However, it has not been fully understood how the RE specification identifies these otherwise unidentified APC models. We address this challenge by first making explicit that RE-APC models have greater-not less-rank deficiency than the traditional fixed-effects model, followed by two empirical examples. We then provide intuition and a mathematical proof to explain that for APC models with one RE, treating one effect as an RE is equivalent to constraining the estimates of that effect's linear component and the random intercept to be zero. For APC models with two RE's, the effective constraints implied by the model depend on the true (i.e., in the data-generating mechanism) non-linear components of the effects that are modeled as RE's, so that the estimated
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