ArticleMucosal immunology2023
Spike-specific T cells are enriched in breastmilk following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
Article in Mucosal immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune development in early life.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Peripheral Regulatory T Cells Display Dynamic Memory Subset Frequency and Inhibitory Marker Expression Across Pregnancy.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Development of a pediatric urgent care research infrastructure to facilitate human immunology studies.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Identifying Key Questions and Challenges in Microchimerism Biology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Infant CD4 T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Is Restricted in Cytokine Production and Modified by Vaccine Manufacturer.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Tissue-Resident CD8+ T Cells as Mediators of Protective Immunity in Breast Milk Transmission of Human Cytomegalovirus.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Immune response in breastmilk of Black women to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination against COVID-19.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- The characteristics of TCR CDR3 repertoire in COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients.Virulence · 2024Review
- Human breastmilk memory T cells throughout lactation manifest activated tissue-oriented profile with prominent regulation.JCI insight · 2024Article
- A Noninvasive Method to Sample Immune Cells in the Lower Female Genital Tract Using Menstrual Discs.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Article
- Milk antibody response after 3iScience · 2023Article
- [Effect of breastfeeding on immune function in infants with human cytomegalovirus infection].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA Vaccines During Lactation.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Review
- Effects of Vaccination Against Influenza, Pertussis, and COVID-19 on Human Milk Antibodies: Current Evidence and Implications for Health Equity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Vaccine Protection Through Placenta and Breastfeeding: The Unmet Topic in COVID-19 Pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human breastmilk is rich in T cells; however, their specificity and function are largely unknown. We compared the phenotype, diversity, and antigen specificity of T cells in breastmilk and peripheral blood of lactating individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination. Relative to blood, breastmilk contained higher frequencies of T effector and central memory populations that expressed mucosal-homing markers. T cell receptor sequence overlap was limited between blood and breastmilk. Overabundant breastmilk clones were observed in all individuals, were diverse, and contained complementarity-determining regions in three sequences with known epitope specificity, including to SARS-CoV-2 spike. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell receptors were more frequent in breastmilk compared to blood and expanded in breastmilk following a 3
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.