SynthesisPsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2023
Structural and functional features of treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and exploratory coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.
Synthesis in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Heterogeneous brain alterations in treatment-resistant depression converge on common control networks.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Is the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine and esketamine mediated via opioid mechanisms?European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Pooled it
- Integrating Neuroimaging and Machine Learning to Predict Mental Disorder Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Pooled it
- Rethinking Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Precision Medicine Approaches.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Pooled it
- Structural and functional brain alterations in subthreshold depression: A multimodal coordinate-based meta-analysis.Human brain mapping · 2024Pooled it
- Status and trends of TMS research in depressive disorder: a bibliometric and visual analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Vagus nerve-dependent antidepressant effects of ineupatorolide B via gut microbiota modulation in a mouse model of depression.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Impaired regional structure-function coupling as novel neurophenotype: mechanistic insights and diagnostic exploration in treatment-resistant depression.Npj mental health research · 2026Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Electroconvulsive therapy modulates the interplay between depressive symptoms in difficult-to-treat depression: A longitudinal network analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Antidepressant-like activity of Bezafibrate in mice models of depression: a behavioral and neurobiological characterization.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Causal relationship between resting-state networks and depression: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Effect of Xiaoyaosan on brain volume and microstructure diffusion changes to exert antidepressant-like effects in mice with chronic social defeat stress.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Review
- Alterations of brainstem volume in patients with first-episode and recurrent major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesA third of people suffering from major depressive disorder do not experience a significant improvement in their symptoms even after adequate treatment with two different antidepressant medications. This common condition, termed treatment-resistant depression (TRD), severely affects the quality of life of millions of people worldwide, causing long-lasting interpersonal problems and social costs. Given its epidemiological and clinical relevance and the little consensus on whether the neurobiological underpinnings of TRD differ from treatment-sensitive depression (TSD), we sought to highlight the convergent morphometric and functional neuroimaging correlates of TRD.
methodsWe systematically reviewed the published literature on structural and resting-state functional neuroimaging of TRD compared to TSD and healthy controls (HC) and performed exploratory coordinate-based meta-analyses (CBMA) of significant results separately for each modality and multimodally ("all-effects"). CBMAs were also performed for each direction and combining both directions of group contrasts.
resultsOut of the initial 1929 studies, only eight involving 555 participants (189 patients with TRD, 156 with TSD, and 210 HC) were included. In all-effects CBMA, precentral/superior frontal gyrus showed a significant difference between TRD and HC. Functional and structural imaging meta-analyses did not yield statistically significant results. A marginally significant cluster of altered intrinsic activity was found between TRD and HC in the cerebellum/pons.
conclusionsFrontal, cerebellar, and brainstem functions can be involved in the pathophysiology of TRD. However, the design and heterogeneity of the (scarce) published literature hinder the generalizability of the findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.