ReviewEpilepsy & behavior reports2023
The nose has it: Opportunities and challenges for intranasal drug administration for neurologic conditions including seizure clusters.
Review in Epilepsy & behavior reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Flavonoids in Nasal Therapeutics: Biological Activities, Delivery Challenges, and Formulation Strategies-A Systematic Review.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2026Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics and 180-day safety of diazepam nasal spray in pediatric patients with epilepsy aged 2-5 years.Epilepsia · 2025Trial
- Redefining intranasal brain delivery: from nasal entry to meaningful parenchymal and cellular exposure.Drug delivery · 2026Review
- Intranasal drug delivery to the brain for neurodegenerative diseases: Current efforts and challenges in delivery platforms and modeling.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2026Review
- Intranasal therapies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Chitosan-Based Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery for Management of Neurological Disorders: Intrinsic Neuroprotective Action and Carrier Capabilities.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Endogenous Expression of an RNA-Hydrolyzing Minibody Enhances the Therapeutic Effects Against Influenza a Virus Compared to Therapeutically Intranasal Administration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Model-Informed Dose Selection of Intranasal Epinephrine in Young Children.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Development of an In Vitro Permeation Test Framework For Naloxone Hydrochloride Intranasal Spray: Establishing IVIVR for Bioequivalence Assessment.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- In-dwelling microfluidic device for precise and reliable intranasal drug delivery during freely moving behavior.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Formulation considerations in enhancing olfactory mucosal deposition for nose-to-brain drug delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Systematic Design and Evaluation of Nasal Drug Delivery for Central Nervous System Disease from Experimental to Clinical Application.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Ketamine persists within neuronal compartments long after systemic clearance.Research square · 2026Article
- Advances in Intranasal CNS Targeting: Integrating Formulations, Devices, Computational Fluid Dynamics, and 3D Printing.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Intranasal drug delivery: Unlocking the nose-to-brain route for central nervous system therapies.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Multi-elemental fingerprinting of the human brain: distribution of toxic, essential, and rare earth elements across neocortical, limbic, and subcortical regions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cardiac Safety of Intranasal Chlorpheniramine: An Exposure-Based Risk Assessment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Optimizing Pediatric Drug Therapy: Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Administration Routes.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026Article
- Novel liquid-based approaches for transmucosal drug delivery.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Formulation and Characterization of Amisulpride-Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles Coated with Chitosan for Intranasal Delivery.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nasal administration of treatments for neurologic conditions, including rescue therapies to treat seizure clusters among people with epilepsy, represents a meaningful advance in patient care. Nasal anatomy and physiology underpin the multiple advantages of nasal administration but also present challenges that must be addressed in any successful nasal formulation. Nasal cavity anatomy is complex, with a modest surface area for absorption that limits the dose volume of an intranasal formulation. The mucociliary clearance mechanism and natural barriers of the nasal epithelia must be overcome for adequate absorption. An extensive vasculature and the presence of olfactory nerves in the nasal cavity enable both systemic and direct-to-brain delivery of drugs targeting the central nervous system. Two intranasal benzodiazepine rescue therapies have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for seizure-cluster treatment, in addition to the traditional rectal formulation. Nasal sprays are easy to use and offer the potential for quick and consistent bioavailability. This review aims to increase the clinician's understanding of nasal anatomy and physiology and of the formulation of intranasal rescue therapies and to facilitate patient education and incorporate intranasal rescue therapies for seizure clusters (also known as acute repetitive seizures) into their seizure action plans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.