ArticleBMC psychiatry2023
Altered circulating GDF-15 level predicts sex hormone imbalance in males with major depressive disorder.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- The energy resistance principle.Cell metabolism · 2025Review
- Biopsychosocial correlates of resting and stress-reactive salivary GDF15: preliminary findings.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- The energetic stress cytokine GDF15 is elevated in the context of chronic and acute psychosocial stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Transforming growth factor-β superfamily members as potential biomarkers for adolescent major depressive disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Increased GDF-15 in chronic male patients with schizophrenia: correlation with body mass index and cognitive impairment.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Growth differentiation factor 15 and malnutrition in older adults.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- Associations between serum estradiol and IL-6/sIL-6R/sgp130 complex in female patients with major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
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5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundIt has been hypothesized that higher growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) level and lower testosterone/ estradiol (T/E) ratio are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), yet the underlying effect of serum GDF15 on hinting the T/E ratio imbalance is not fully understood. We observed the correlation between serum T/E ratio and circulating GDF15 in male depressed cohort.
methodsThe sample consisted of participants (aged 18 ~ 65 years) from the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University with MDD (n = 412) defined according to a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID), and male healthy controls (n = 137). Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, and depression risk biomarkers (thyroid hormone, lipids, hs-CRP, Tenascin-C [TNC], GDF15, KLF4, Gas6, and sgp130) were measured. The associations among log-transformed T/E ratio and these biomarkers were analyzed using univariate correlation analysis, category analyses, and linear regression adjusting for standard risk factors.
resultsOf the sample, 36.89% had lower T/E ratio (< 10:1) and 10.20% had higher T/E ratio (> 20:1). After multivariable adjustment, T/E ratio was negatively associated with GDF15 (-0.095 [95% CI -0.170 ~ -0.023] standard deviation [SD] change per SD increase in lg[T/E], P = 0.015) and inversely related to TNC (-0.085 [95% CI -0.167 ~ 0.003] standard deviation [SD] change per SD increase in lg[T/E], P = 0.048). Serum T/E ratio was negatively associated with GDF15 level in both FT3, TSH and HDL strata, whereas this association was not observed in TNC. In T/E ratio strata analyses, there is a significant and negative correlation among T/E ratio and GDF15 in depressive patients with sex hormone imbalance, yet this relationship was not investigated in patients with sex hormone balance.
conclusionIn our community-based observation, circulating GDF-15 level was greatly and inversely associated with serum T/E ratio, indicating that higher GDF-15 alerts sex hormone imbalance in patients with MDD.
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