ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2023
The scientific basis of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B functional cure.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- APASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic hepatitis B infection: a 2026 update.Hepatology international · 2026Guideline
- Emerging Trends and Future Directions in the Development of Anti-hepatitis B Therapies: A Horizon Scanning Review.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Pooled it
- Hepatitis surface B antigen clearance induced by long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate monotherapy in chronic hepatitis B treatment: a meta-analysis and longitudinal modeling analysis.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of addition of pegylated interferon to long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy on functional cure of chronic hepatitis B patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Sequential combination of anti-PD-1 antibody and PEG-IFNα in chronic hepatitis B patients: correlates of HBsAg loss with enhanced T-cell responses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Trial
- A randomized trial of viral vector and adjuvanted protein HBV therapeutic vaccine in people with chronic hepatitis B on nucleos(t)ide analogs.Hepatology communications · 2026Trial
- Predictive value of soluble PD-1 for HBsAg loss in HbeAg-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B: results from a prospective study.Hepatology international · 2025Trial
- Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B with mildly elevated aminotransferase: A rollover study from the TORCH-B trial.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Combining antiviral therapy with cancer treatment in HBV-associated HCC: A translational approach.Virus research · 2026Review
- Development of an investigational epigenetic silencer therapy to transcriptionally inactivate viral DNA in chronic hepatitis B.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Article
- Multiplex gene editing to target the roots of hepatitis B virus infection.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Directly Alters Dendritic Cell-Mediated Natural Killer Cell Responses.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Article
- [APASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic hepatitis B infection: a 2026 update].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Article
- Comment on the expert consensus on treatment approaches for achieving functional cure in chronic hepatitis B: Letter to the editor on "Update on the treatment navigation for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B: Expert consensus 2.0".Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Correspondence to letter to the editor on "Update on the treatment navigation for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B: Expert consensus 2.0".Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Severe hepatitis B flare and liver failure: current assessment and management.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Review
- The mitochondrial GTPase ERAL1 inhibits HBV replication by triggering the MAVS signaling cascade.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Functional cure of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) - or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss after 24 weeks off therapy - is now the goal of treatment, but is rarely achieved with current therapy. Understanding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle and immunological defects that lead to persistence can identify targets for novel therapy. Broadly, treatments fall into three categories: those that reduce viral replication, those that reduce antigen load and immunotherapies. Profound viral suppression alone does not achieve quantitative (q)HBsAg reduction or HBsAg loss. Combining nucleos(t)ide analogues and immunotherapy reduces qHBsAg levels and induces HBsAg loss in some patients, particularly those with low baseline qHBsAg levels. Even agents that are specifically designed to reduce viral antigen load might not be able to achieve sustained HBsAg loss when used alone. Thus, rationale exists for the use of combinations of all three therapy types. Monitoring during therapy is important not just to predict HBsAg loss but also to understand mechanisms of HBsAg loss using viral and immunological biomarkers, and in selected cases intrahepatic sampling. We consider various paths to functional cure of CHB and the need to individualize treatment of this heterogeneous infection until a therapeutic avenue for all patients with CHB is available.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.