Trial reportInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2023
Association of Tear Osmolarity With Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.
Trial report in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Interaction of Diabetes Duration and Tear Film Osmolarity in the Estimation of Tear Film Instability: A Cross-Sectional Study of 60 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Nanomaterial-enabled smart contact lenses: bridging sensing, therapy, and theranostics for next-generation ocular healthcare.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Controlled Release of Thermosensitive Hydrogel Incorporating Betaxolol-Loaded Resin Microspheres for Glaucoma Therapy.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Association of the glucose metabolism continuum (fasting plasma glucose/HbA1c) with tear-film stability and secretion: ocular surface evidence across non-diabetes, prediabetes, and diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic methods for managing dry eyes.World journal of methodology · 2025Article
- Effects of Slit Lamp Examination on Tear Osmolarity in Normal Controls and Dry Eye Patients.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Translating Biomarker Discovery: From Bench to Bedside in Dry Eye Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Surface Abnormalities in Eyes with Corneal Transplantation: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Association between systemic medication use and severity of dry eye signs and symptoms in the DRy eye assessment and management (DREAM) study.The ocular surface · 2024Article
- Influence of Environmental Factors with Clinical Signs and Symptoms in the Management of Dry Eye Disease.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Impact of Clinician Subjectivity on the Assessment of Dry Eye Disease Prevalence in a UK Public Health Care Patient Population.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the relationships of (1) tear osmolarity (TO) levels with the severity of signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) and (2) changes in TO with changes in signs and symptoms. Methods: Patients (N = 405) with moderate to severe DED in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study were evaluated at baseline and at six and 12 months. Associations of TO with signs and symptoms were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and regression models. Results: The mean (standard deviation [SD]) TO was 303 (16) mOsm/L at baseline and 303 (18) mOsm/L at both six and 12 months. TO was higher in older patients (306 mOsm/L for ≥70 years vs. 300 mOsm/L for <50 years; P = 0.01) and those with Sjögren's disease (311 vs. 302 mOsm/L; P < 0.0001). TO did not differ between patients randomized to placebo and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. TO was weakly correlated with conjunctival (r = 0.18; P < 0.001) and corneal staining scores (r = 0.17; P < 0.001), tear film break-up time (r = 0.06; P = 0.03), and Schirmer test score (r = -0.07; P = 0.02) but not with Ocular Surface Disease Index scores (r = 0.03; P = 0.40). Changes in signs and were not significantly correlated with change in TO at six or 12 months. Conclusions: Within DREAM, TO was weakly correlated with DED signs, explaining <5% variability in signs. Changes in tear osmolarity were not associated with changes in signs and symptoms of DED, indicating that the association may not be causal.
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