ArticlePsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2023
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories in children with different levels of autistic traits.
Article in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Latent social communication cognition growth trajectories of term and preterm infants/toddlers based on caregiver report.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- A multi-method phenotypic study of sex differences in pragmatic language in autism.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the lateralization of sustained electrophysiological response to 40 Hz clicks in typically developing preschoolers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex-specific patterns in social visual attention among individuals with autistic traits.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Early selective attention to the articulating mouth as a potential female-specific marker of better language development in autism: a review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimLittle is known about early manifestations of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in females, including those who may be overlooked by the current diagnostic criteria. We longitudinally explored sex differences in the trajectories of cognitive and motor functions and adaptive behaviors in children with different levels of autistic traits.
methodsThe participants were 824 children from the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC Study), Japan, who were classified into three autistic trait groups-low, moderate, and high-based on the Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition. Cognitive and motor functions were measured at seven time-points from 0.5 to 3.5 years of age using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Adaptive behaviors were measured at five time-points from 2.7 to 9 years of age using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition. Trajectories were depicted using latent growth curve modeling.
resultsSex-specific trajectories were observed in the high-autistic-trait group, with only males showing a temporary decline in expressive language around the age of 2 years and a slight improvement thereafter. They also showed a slight improvement around 3 years in the adaptive behavior communication domain but a gradual downward trend later. Females in the high-autistic-trait group showed no distinct manifestation before the age of 3 years but showed a downward trend after 3.5 years in the adaptive behavior communication domain.
conclusionFemales and males with higher autistic traits than their same-sex peers, independent of clinical diagnosis, may have different phenotypes in certain neurodevelopmental domains during infancy and early childhood.
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