ArticleGut2023
Antibiotic use as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease across the ages: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Gut, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between OLD and IBD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Breastfeeding Duration Is Not Associated With Offspring Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk in Three Population-Based Birth Cohorts.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2024Pooled it
- Debate on the relationship betweenFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Upadacitinib Among Patients in East Asia With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Post Hoc Subanalysis of Randomized Phase 3 Studies.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Trial
- A retrospectively registered pilot randomized controlled trial of postbiotic administration during antibiotic treatment increases microbiome diversity and enriches health-associated taxa.Infection and immunity · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Dietary and nutritional strategies for reducing disease risk associated with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The exposome and inflammatory bowel disease: a framework for primary and primordial prevention.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Mannooligosaccharides modulate mucin O-glycan-gut microbe interactions and preserve the intestinal barrier in weaned piglets.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Factors Affecting the Adherence to Partial Enteral Nutrition Combined with the Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet in Crohn's Disease Adult Patients.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media: has watchful waiting gone with the diagnosis?CJEM · 2026Article
- Antibiotic Class-Specific Effects on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Microbiome Disruption, Risk, and Recovery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Retrospective Analysis of Antibiotic Use in Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy Prior to Referral: 144 Cases (2020-2024).Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Bifidobacterium breve207-1 protects against later-life colitis following early-life antibiotic exposure by enhancing intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Incident Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Probiotics and Postbiotics in Life-Style Disease Management: A Comprehensive Review on the Technologies in the Era of Omics and Artificial Intelligence.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Weaning drives microbiome-mediated epigenetic regulation to shape immune memory in mice.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Antibiotic use and gut microbiome composition links from individual-level prescription data of 14,979 individuals.Nature medicine · 2026Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is an increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for which environmental factors are suspected. Antibiotics have been associated with development of IBD in earlier generations, but their influence on IBD risk in adults is uncertain.
objectiveTo assess the impact of antibiotic exposure, including dose-response, timing and antibiotic class, on the risk of IBD in all individuals aged ≥10 years.
designUsing Denmark nationwide registries, a population-based cohort of residents aged ≥10 years was established between 2000 and 2018. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for IBD following antibiotic exposure were calculated using Poisson regression.
resultsThere were a total of 6 104 245 individuals, resulting in 87 112 328 person-years of follow-up, and 52 898 new cases of IBD. Antibiotic exposure was associated with an increased risk of IBD as compared with no antibiotic exposure for all age groups, although was greatest among individuals aged 40-60 years and ≥60 years (age 10-40 years, IRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.32; age 40-60 years, IRR 1.48, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.54; age ≥60 years, IRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.53). For all age groups a positive dose-response was observed, with similar results seen for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The highest risk of developing IBD was seen 1-2 years after antibiotic exposure, and after use of antibiotic classes often prescribed to treat gastrointestinal pathogens.
conclusionAntibiotic exposure is associated with an increased risk of IBD, and was highest among individuals aged 40 years and older. This risk increased with cumulative antibiotic exposure, with antibiotics targeting gastrointestinal pathogens and within 1-2 years after antibiotic exposure.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.