Observational studyAmerican journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation2023
Risk Factors for Incident CKD in Black and White Americans: The REGARDS Study.
Observational study in American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually dimorphic response to tobacco in the development of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.BMC nephrology · 2024Pooled it
- Social Determinants of Health and ESKD among Survivors of Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Observational
- Vegetarian diet is associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney disease in a population-based study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Incident Cognitive Impairment: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study.The American journal of cardiology · 2026Article
- Association of Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Social Determinants of Health with Post-Hospitalization Acute Kidney Injury Care.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Article
- Evaluation of race-free eGFR equations in individuals of different ethnicity.Blood pressure · 2025Article
- Association between estrogen and kidney function: population based evidence and mutual bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Association of Neighborhood Social Determinants of Health with Acute Kidney Injury during Hospitalization.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2024Article
- Challenges in predictive modelling of chronic kidney disease: A narrative review.World journal of nephrology · 2024Review
- The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet and Metabolites in Chronic Kidney Disease.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers and CKD Incidence in the REGARDS Cohort.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Smoking Increases Mortality Risk Among African Americans With Chronic Kidney Disease.American journal of medicine open · 2024Article
- Non-invasive chronic kidney disease risk stratification tool derived from retina-based deep learning and clinical factors.NPJ digital medicine · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
RATIONALE &
objectiveLittle information exists on the incidence of and risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in contemporary US cohorts and whether risk factors differ by race, sex, or region in the United States. STUDY
designObservational cohort study. SETTING &
participants4,198 Black and 7,799 White participants aged at least 45 years, recruited from 2003 through 2007 across the continental United States, with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)>60mL/min/1.73m EXPOSURES: Age, sex, race (Black or White), region ("stroke belt" or other), education, income, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and albuminuria. OUTCOMES: (1) eGFR change and (2) incident CKD defined as eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Linear regression and modified Poisson regression were used to determine the association of risk factors with eGFR change and incident CKD overall and stratified by race, sex, and region.
resultsMean age of participants was 63±8 (SD) years, 54% were female, and 35% were Black. After 9.4±1.0 years of follow-up, CKD developed in 9%. In an age-, sex-, and race-adjusted model, Black race (β =-0.13; P<0.001) was associated with higher risk of eGFR change, but this was attenuated in the fully adjusted model (β=0.02; P=0.5). Stroke belt residence was independently associated with eGFR change (β =-0.10; P<0.001) and incident CKD (relative risk, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.01-1.30]). Albuminuria was more strongly associated with eGFR change (β of-0.26 vs-0.17; P=0.01 for interaction) in Black compared with White participants. Results were similar for incident CKD. LIMITATIONS: Persons of Hispanic ethnicity were excluded; unknown duration and/or severity of risk factors.
conclusionsEstablished CKD risk factors accounted for higher risk of incident CKD in Black versus White individuals. Albuminuria was a stronger risk factor for eGFR decrease and incident CKD in Black compared with White individuals. Living in the US stroke belt is a novel risk factor for CKD.
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