ArticleWater research2023
Global assessment of chemical quality of drinking water: The case of trihalomethanes.
Article in Water research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Risk assessment of trihalomethanes in drinking water with seasonal variation considerations.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Chlorine-UV hybrid disinfection: a review on mechanisms and efficiency towards emerging pollutants.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Review
- Public drinking water contaminant estimates for birth cohorts in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Global research trends on the links between disinfection by-products and cancer: mapping knowledge landscapes and visualization analysis.Journal of water and health · 2025Review
- The antimethanogenic efficacy and fate of bromoform and its transformation products in rumen fluid.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Community Water Trihalomethanes and Chronic Kidney Disease.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Point-of-use chlorine residuals and disinfection byproduct occurrences in rural households served by public water utilities in Appalachian Virginia.Journal of water and health · 2024Article
- US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Review
- Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
30 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTrihalomethanes (THM), a major class of disinfection by-products, are widespread and are associated with adverse health effects. We conducted a global evaluation of current THM regulations and concentrations in drinking water.
methodsWe included 120 countries (∼7000 million inhabitants in 2016), representing 94% of the world population. We searched for country regulations and THM routine monitoring data using a questionnaire addressed to referent contacts. Scientific and gray literature was reviewed where contacts were not identified or declined participation. We obtained or estimated annual average THM concentrations, weighted to the population served when possible.
resultsDrinking water regulations were ascertained for 116/120 (97%) countries, with 89/116 (77%) including THM regulations. Routine monitoring was implemented in 47/89 (53%) of countries with THM regulations. THM data with a varying population coverage was obtained for 69/120 (58%) countries consisting of ∼5600 million inhabitants (76% of world's population in 2016). Population coverage was ≥90% in 14 countries, mostly in the Global North, 50-89% in 19 countries, 11-49% among 21 countries, and ≤10% in 14 countries including India, China, Russian Federation and Nigeria (40% of world's population). DISCUSSION: An enormous gap exists in THM regulatory status, routine monitoring practice, reporting and data availability among countries, especially between high- vs. low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). More efforts are warranted to regulate and systematically assess chemical quality of drinking water, centralize, harmonize, and openly report data, particularly in LMICs.
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