ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2022
Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Malassezia restricta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Drive Ovarian Cancer Progression Through JAK2/STAT3-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarisation.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: New Hype or Hope to Explain Reproductive Host-Microbiota Interactions.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Review
- Membrane Vesicles from Lacticaseibacillus Casei BL23 Exhibit Antimicrobial Activity Against Escherichia coli and Immunostimulatory Effects on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Strategies in immune subversion: How Yersinia pestis inhibits neutrophil responses.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Tryptophan-EnrichedBiomaterials research · 2026Article
- Biofluid-derived exosomes as next-generation biotherapeutic platforms to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Review
- Differential expression ofVeterinary world · 2025Article
- Exosomal non-coding RNAs: a new avenue for treating diabetic foot ulcers.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Ultra-sensitiveFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 promote infected wound healing via regulation of the wound microenvironment.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Article
- Stratifying macrophages based on their infectious burden identifies novel host targets for intervention during Crohn's disease associated adherent-invasiveMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2024Article
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Atopic Dermatitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- BACTERIAL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2024Review
- Dose Determination and Administration of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles for In Vivo Preclinical Studies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Bifurcation analysis of a tuberculosis progression model for drug target identification.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Impact of nicotine and cotinine on macrophage inflammatory plasticity via vesicular modifications in gastrointestinal bacteria.Anaerobe · 2023Article
- ProbioticFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Biodelivery of therapeutic extracellular vesicles: should mononuclear phagocytes always be feared?Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.