ArticleBMC medicine2023
Ethnic differences in COVID-19 mortality in the second and third waves of the pandemic in England during the vaccine rollout: a retrospective, population-based cohort study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural selection exerted by historical coronavirus epidemic(s): comparative genetic analysis in China Kadoorie Biobank and UK Biobank.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Widening Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality and Life Expectancy Among 15 Major Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2020-2021.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Understanding the quality of ethnicity data recorded in health-related administrative data sources compared with Census 2021 in England.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of long COVID on health-related quality-of-life: an OpenSAFELY population cohort study using patient-reported outcome measures (OpenPROMPT).The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- Making sense of national and international disparities in excess mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic.BMJ global health · 2024Article
- Underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in UK COVID-19 trials: comment on a recent systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Tracking the progress of inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections into the third covid-19 wave.BMJ medicine · 2023Article
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- Evaluation of Risk Factors for Postbooster Omicron COVID-19 Deaths in England.JAMA network open · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEthnic minority groups in England have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and have lower vaccination rates than the White British population. We examined whether ethnic differences in COVID-19 mortality in England have continued since the vaccine rollout and to what extent differences in vaccination rates contributed to excess COVID-19 mortality after accounting for other risk factors.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of 28.8 million adults aged 30-100 years in England. Self-reported ethnicity was obtained from the 2011 Census. The outcome was death involving COVID-19 during the second (8 December 2020 to 12 June 2021) and third wave (13 June 2021 to 1 December 2021). We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for death involving COVID-19, sequentially adjusting for age, residence type, geographical factors, sociodemographic characteristics, pre-pandemic health, and vaccination status.
resultsAge-adjusted HRs of death involving COVID-19 were elevated for most ethnic minority groups during both waves, particularly for groups with lowest vaccination rates (Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Black African, and Black Caribbean). HRs were attenuated after adjusting for geographical factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and pre-pandemic health. Further adjusting for vaccination status substantially reduced residual HRs for Black African, Black Caribbean, and Pakistani groups in the third wave. Fully adjusted HRs only remained elevated for the Bangladeshi group (men: 2.19 [95% CI 1.72-2.78]; women: 2.12 [1.58-2.86]) and Pakistani men (1.24 [1.06-1.46]).
conclusionsLower COVID-19 vaccination uptake in several ethnic minority groups may drive some of the differences in COVID-19 mortality compared to White British. Public health strategies to increase vaccination uptake in ethnic minority groups would help reduce inequalities in COVID-19 mortality, which have remained substantial since the start of the vaccination campaign.
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