ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 257 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Peripheral IL-6 Levels in the Acute Stage of Stroke and Poststroke Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbiota-dependent mechanisms and efficacy of natural polysaccharides in multitarget antidepressant therapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Altered Cytokine Levels in the First Episode of Major Depression and in Antidepressant-Naïve Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Potential Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Formula Chaihu Shugan Powder on Animal Models of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Lipidomics and genomics in mental health: insights into major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Pooled it
- Potential Inflammatory Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder Related to Suicidal Behaviors: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Does inflammation moderate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms? Results of an interventional study in children and adolescents.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Pro-inflammatory biomarkers associated with depression severity among adults with HIV in New York City.Journal of psychiatric research · 2025Trial
- Before depression in diabetes is attributed to polyneuropathy, all other causes must be ruled out.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Prenatal inflammation and postpartum anxiety: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort in New York City.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Subthreshold Depression: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Journal of pharmacopuncture · 2026Review
- Exosomes in depression: mechanistic insights, diagnostic potential, and therapeutic opportunities.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Protocol for a randomized, controlled trial of a bioactive dietary polyphenol preparation to promote resilience in healthy individuals.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- Comparative Effects of Sertraline, Methotrexate, and Biologic Therapies on Circulating Inflammatory and Neurotrophic Mediators and Striatal Gene Expression in Collagen-Induced Arthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Human biomarker navigator.iMeta · 2026Review
- Dissociation Between Functional Performance and Structural Joint Damage Following Sertraline Treatment in Collagen-Induced Arthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Toward a Unified Neuroimmune Framework for Infection-Associated Psychiatric Disorders.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Risk of Psychiatric Worsening With GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Treated Depression.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Liver-derived complement component 3 promotes the susceptibility to stress-induced depression by impairing blood-brain barrier integrity.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Integrated biomarkers of oxidative stress NLRP3 inflammasome and kynurenine pathway reflect disease severity and diagnostic discrimination in depression.Scientific reports · 2026Article
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to affective disorders is a psychiatric illness, and the category of major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related to persistent and disruptive mood disorders. Due to this fact, it is imperative to find a way to assess depression quantitatively using a specific biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients' state and the effects of therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, and neuropeptides are studied in association with depression. The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows that their relationship with the etiology of depression is causative. There are stronger cytokine reactions to pathogens and stressors in depression. If combined with other predisposing factors, responses lead to prolonged inflammatory processes, prolonged dysregulation of various axes, stress, pain, mood changes, anxiety, and depression. This review focuses on the most recent data on cytokines as markers of depression concerning their roles in its pathogenesis, their possible use in diagnosis and management, their different levels in bodily fluids, and their similarities in animal studies. However, cytokines are not isolated from the pathophysiologic mechanisms of depression or other psychiatric disorders. Their effects are only a part of the whole pathway.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.