ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
The Update Immune-Regulatory Role of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Recurrent Pregnancy Losses.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research trends in estrogen and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic bibliometric approach.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Mitigating the Risk of Recurrent Miscarriages: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Pooled it
- Global research on NK cells in miscarriage: a bibliometric study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association of IL-17 and IL-27 polymorphisms with susceptibility to recurrent pregnancy loss and pre-eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The dynamics of glycosylation in trophoblast cells: development, function, and pregnancy-related disorders.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Soluble P2X7 receptor (sP2X7R) as a marker of inflammation in pregnancy.Purinergic signalling · 2026Article
- Interplay between systemic immune-metabolic signatures and endometrial immune profiles in women with recurrent pregnancy loss.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Review
- The Immuno-Cardiovascular Storm of Pre-Eclampsia: Cytokine-Mediated Endothelial Injury, Thrombosis, and Maternal Cardiovascular Instability.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Immunological Role of Intrauterine Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Infertile Women Undergoing ICSI.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2026Article
- Association of liver enzyme abnormalities and tobacco exposure with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion risk: A case-control study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Role of Natural Progesterone in Pregnancy: A Review.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2026Review
- Endometrial Epithelial Lactate Deficiency Drives CD8Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Identification of Maternal Serum Longitudinal Signatures Through Profiling of 96 Cytokines.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Early Pregnancy Immune Signatures May Distinguish Aneuploid Miscarriage from Euploid Pregnancy Loss and Live Birth.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Maternal Obesity Modulates Postpartum Inflammatory and Hormonal Profiles, Without Detectable Differences in Tested Redox Markers.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Observational
- Miscarriage and the Microbiome: Host Genetics, Immunity, and the Reproductive Tract Ecosystem.Genes · 2026Review
- Endometrial cortisol level and its relationship with psychological stress, molecular tissue changes, and clinical outcomes in infertile women.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Risk assessment of drug-associated miscarriage using XGBoost and SHAP explainability: a real-world pharmacovigilance analysis based on the FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) is a common reproductive disorder with various underlying etiologies. In recent years, rapid progress has been made in exploring the immunological mechanisms for RPL. A propensity toward Th2 over Th1 and regulatory T (Treg) over Th17 immune responses may be advantageous for reproductive success. In women with RPL and animals prone to abortion, an inordinate expression of cytokines associated with implantation and early embryo development is present in the endometrium or decidua secreted from immune and non-immune cells. Hence, an adverse cytokine milieu at the maternal-fetal interface assaults immunological tolerance, leading to fetal rejection. Similar to T cells, NK cells can be categorized based on the characteristics of cytokines they secrete. Decidual NK (dNK) cells of RPL patients exhibited an increased NK1/NK2 ratio (IFN-γ/IL-4 producing NK cell ratios), leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu and increased NK cell cytotoxicity. Genetic polymorphism may be the underlying etiologies for Th1 and Th17 propensity since it alters cytokine production. In addition, various hormones participate in cytokine regulations, including progesterone and estrogen, controlling cytokine balance in favor of the Th2 type. Consequently, the intricate regulation of cytokines and hormones may prevent the RPL of immune etiologies. Local or systemic administration of cytokines or their antagonists might help maintain adequate cytokine milieu, favoring Th2 over Th1 response or Treg over Th17 immune response in women with RPL. Herein, we provided an updated comprehensive review regarding the immune-regulatory role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in RPL. Understanding the roles of cytokines involved in RPL might significantly advance the early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of RPL.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.