ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
The Role of Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Testes and Epididymis.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Obesity Induced by High-Fat Diet Affects Epididymal Sperm Motility by Regulating Macrophage Polarization.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Epididymal macrophage senescence contributes to sperm motility decrease upon environmental stress.Science advances · 2026Article
- Common Environmental Hazards and Male Infertility: Effects on Epididymal Immune Microenvironment.Toxics · 2026Review
- Immunological mechanisms and precision stratification in male infertility: from testicular immune privilege and danger signal amplification to seminal immune biomarkers and mechanism-tailored intervention.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Advances in immunological research on male infertility.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Testicular macrophages: core immune regulators and emerging therapeutic targets in spermatogenic dysfunction.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic mechanisms of Lycii Fructus in male infertility: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- The immunoregulatory effects of scoparone on immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Innate Antiviral Defense of the Male Reproductive System.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Special Issue "Molecular Immunology of the Male Reproductive System".International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Do macrophages play a role in the adverse effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on testicular functions?Frontiers in toxicology · 2023Review
- Macrophages and stem/progenitor cells interplay in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle: a review.Stem cell investigation · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) is the primary innate immune cell group in male reproductive tissues, maintaining the balance of pro-inflammatory and immune tolerance. This article aims to outline the role of mononuclear macrophages in the immune balance of the testes and epididymis, and to understand the inner immune regulation mechanism. A review of pertinent publications was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases on all articles published prior to January 2021. Search terms were based on the following keywords: 'MPS', 'mononuclear phagocytes', 'testes', 'epididymis', 'macrophage', 'Mφ', 'dendritic cell', 'DC', 'TLR', 'immune', 'inflammation', and 'polarization'. Additionally, reference lists of primary and review articles were reviewed for other publications of relevance. This review concluded that MPS exhibits a precise balance in the male reproductive system. In the testes, MPS cells are mainly suppressed subtypes (M2 and cDC2) under physiological conditions, which maintain the local immune tolerance. Under pathological conditions, MPS cells will transform into M1 and cDC1, producing various cytokines, and will activate T cell specific immunity as defense to foreign pathogens or self-antigens. In the epididymis, MPS cells vary in the different segments, which express immune tolerance in the caput and pro-inflammatory condition in the cauda. Collectively, MPS is the control point for maintaining the immune tolerance of the testes and epididymis as well as for eliminating pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.