ReviewCells2022
TLR9 and Glioma: Friends or Foes?
Review in Cells, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- TLR2 and TLR9 in Brain Cancer Patients in Relation to EBV Status.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Epstein-Barr Virus in Brain Cancer-Friend or Foe?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Local Nanomedicine and Nano-Enabled Biomaterials After Glioblastoma Resection.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma Immunotherapy Adjuvants for Glial Cell Polarization Regulation.Experimental neurobiology · 2025Review
- Targeting pattern recognition receptors for cancer therapy: Mechanisms and strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Innate Immune Signaling in Gliomas: Regulatory Mechanisms and Targeting Potential in Tumor Progression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Overcoming Immune Therapy Resistance in Cancer Through Innate Immune Reprogramming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Polyinosinic/Polycytidylic Lipid Nanoparticles Enhance Immune Cell Infiltration and Improve Survival in the Glioblastoma Mouse Model.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Terpenoid-Mediated Targeting of STAT3 Signaling in Cancer: An Overview of Preclinical Studies.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Review
- Preliminary study on the participation of TLR9 on erythrocyte surface combined with mtDNA in the monitoring of infectious diseases.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Aerobic exercise training mitigates tumor growth and cancer-induced splenomegaly through modulation of non-platelet platelet factor 4 expression.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an intracellular innate immunity receptor that plays a vital role in chronic inflammation and in recognizing pathogenic and self-DNA in immune complexes. This activation of intracellular signaling leads to the transcription of either immune-related or malignancy genes through specific transcription factors. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR9 may cause glioma. This article reviews the roles of TLR9 in the pathogenesis of glioma and its related signaling molecules in either defending or promoting glioma. TLR9 mediates the invasion-induced hypoxia of brain cancer cells by the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (2, 9, and 13) in brain tissues. In contrast, the combination of the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN to radiotherapy boosts the role of T cells in antitumor effects. The TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 107 also enhances the radiosensitivity of human glioma U87 cells by blocking tumor angiogenesis. CpG enhances apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it can enhance the antigen-presenting capacity of microglia, switch immune response toward CD8 T cells, and reduce the number of CD4CD25 Treg cells. CpG ODN shows promise as a potent immunotherapeutic drug against cancer, but specific cautions should be taken when activating TLR9, especially in the case of glioblastoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.