SynthesisScientific reports2023
Bacterial sensitivity to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine antiseptics over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human-derived data.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Topical antimicrobial treatment of mesh for the reduction of surgical site infections after hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of Ringer's Lactate versus normal saline irrigation on postoperative morbidity after surgical removal of mandibular impacted third molars: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial.BMC oral health · 2026Trial
- Rapid broad-spectrum activity of molecular iodine against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens without residual staining.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Prophylactic incisional wound irrigation with aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate vs aqueous povidone iodine for prevention of surgical site infection in elective abdominal surgery.Infection prevention in practice · 2026Article
- Variable chlorhexidine MICs acrossAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Dual-Function Sol-Gel Antibacterial Materials with Biphasic Octenidine Release for Decontamination and Long-Term Protection.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Influence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antiseptics on biofilm formation in S. epidermidis.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Surgical care bundle: effect on post-caesarean wound infection.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride: promising adjuncts in combating multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in healthcare settings.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Environmental bacterial load during surgical and ultrasound procedures in a Swedish small animal hospital.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity of Arachidonic Acid against the Cariogenic BacteriumAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparing the in vitro efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the prevention of post-surgical endophthalmitis.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2024Article
- The Impact of an Evidence-Based Bundle on Cesarean Section-Related Surgical Site Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2024Article
- In Vitro Effect ofVeterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Antibacterial and Disinfecting Effects of Standardised Tea Extracts on More than 100 Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-ResistantPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Administration of Clinical COVID-19 Mouthwashing Protocol and Potential Modulation of Pediatric Oral Bacterial Prevalence ofPediatric reports · 2023Article
- When silver doesn't shine anymore: The threat of increasing resistance to antibiotics and silver antiseptics.New microbes and new infections · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common complication of surgery, increasing healthcare costs and hospital stay. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVI) are used for skin antisepsis, minimising SSIs. There is concern that resistance to topical biocides may be emergeing, although the potential clinical implications remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of topical preparations of CHX or PVI have changed over time, in microbes relevant to SSI. We included studies reporting the MBC of laboratory and clinical isolates of common microbes to CHX and PVI. We excluded studies using non-human samples and antimicrobial solvents or mixtures with other active substances. MBC was pooled in random effects meta-analyses and the change in MBC over time was explored using meta-regression. Seventy-nine studies were included, analysing 6218 microbes over 45 years. Most studies investigated CHX (93%), with insufficient data for meta-analysis of PVI. There was no change in the MBC of CHX to Staphylococci or Streptococci over time. Overall, we find no evidence of reduced susceptibility of common SSI-causing microbes to CHX over time. This provides reassurance and confidence in the worldwide guidance that CHX should remain the first-choice agent for surgical skin antisepsis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.