Observational studyJournal of neurointerventional surgery2023
LIQUID - Treatment of high-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas with Squid liquid embolic agent: a prospective, observational multicenter study.
Observational study in Journal of neurointerventional surgery, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of newer liquid embolic agents Squid and PHIL in endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences · 2026Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of Vascular Embolization with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate-Lipiodol Mixture: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of 8996 Patients.Cardiovascular and interventional radiology · 2026Review
- Endovascular Embolization in Neurovascular Disease: Material Science, Multimodal Management, and Future Horizons.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- In Vivo Discrimination of Iodine and Tantalum-Based Liquid Embolics After Intracranial or Spinal Embolization Using Photon-Counting Detector CT.Clinical neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Endovascular treatment for sphenoidal region dural arteriovenous fistula.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEndovascular embolization is a feasible treatment for cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). New embolic agents aim to improve the success of DAVF embolization.
objectiveTo assess the safety, efficacy, and short-term outcome of the treatment of DAVFs using the new liquid embolic agent Squid.
methodsThe LIQUID study is a prospective, observational multicenter study on the treatment of high-grade (Cognard type ≥3) DAVFs with the embolic agent Squid. The primary outcome measures were safety (ie, morbidity and mortality), as well as the occlusion rate 90 to 180 days after treatment.
resultsIn eight centers, 53 patients (mean age 59.8 years, 22.6% female) were treated in 55 treatment sessions. Of the DAVFs, 56.6% were Cognard type III, 41.5% type IV, and 18.9% were ruptured. Squid 18 was used in 83.6% and Squid 12 in 32.7% of the treatments. The overall rate of intraprocedural or postprocedural adverse events (AEs) was 18.2%. Procedure-related AEs resulting in permanent morbidity were observed in 3.6%. One patient (1.8%) died unrelated to the procedure due to pulmonary embolism. The final complete occlusion rate at 90 to 180 days was 93.2%. After a mean follow-up of 5.5 months, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was stable or improved in 93.0%. In one of the patients, worsening of the mRS score was related to the procedure (1.8%).
conclusionSquid is a safe and effective liquid embolic agent for the treatment of high-grade DAVFs.
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