ArticleCell discovery2023
Extracellular vesicles mediate antibody-resistant transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Cell discovery, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hijacking Host Communication: The Central Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis.Cells · 2026Review
- Review
- Rab10 coordinates SADS-CoV non-lytic egress through the ERGIC-TGN-lysosome trafficking pathway.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Article
- hTERT-immortalized mesenchymal stem cell-derived EV treatment reduces ZIKV-induced cortical neuronal death, infection, and exosome-mediated transmission.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Article
- Classification and biogenesis of vesicles, and their roles in the transport of viral components.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- CD169Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- The dual promise of extracellular vesicles in lung diseases: towards reliable biomarkers and drug delivery vectors.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Small extracellular vesicles proteome reveals persistent inflammatory and coagulopathic dysregulation in long-COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- NETosis-Like Response Triggered by Extracellular Vesicle (EV)-Delivered Viral Nucleic Acid, a Novel Cellular Immune Mechanism in Crustacean.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Intercellular highways of viral spread: tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles at the maternal-fetal interface.Current opinion in virology · 2025Review
- Article
- The proteome of circulating extracellular vesicles and their functional effect on platelets vary with the isolation method.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Derived RNA Fragment Induces Myocardial Dysfunction via siRNA-like Suppression of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Nonlytic Egress and Transmission in the Virus World.Annual review of biochemistry · 2025Review
- Dual Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Orchestrators of Emerging and Reemerging Virus Infections.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Review
- ARF4-mediated intracellular transport as a broad-spectrum antiviral target.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- A comprehensive review of current insights into the virulence factors of SARS-CoV-2.Journal of virology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Antibody resistance dampens neutralizing antibody therapy and threatens current global Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine campaigns. In addition to the emergence of resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants, little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 evades antibodies. Here, we report a novel mechanism of extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated cell-to-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which facilitates SARS-CoV-2 to escape from neutralizing antibodies. These EVs, initially observed in SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein-expressing cells, are secreted by various SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, including Vero E6, Calu-3, and HPAEpiC cells, undergoing infection-induced pyroptosis. Various SARS-CoV-2-infected cells produce similar EVs characterized by extra-large sizes (1.6-9.5 μm in diameter, average diameter > 4.2 μm) much larger than previously reported virus-generated vesicles. Transmission electron microscopy analysis and plaque assay reveal that these SARS-CoV-2-induced EVs contain large amounts of live virus particles. In particular, the vesicle-cloaked SARS-CoV-2 virus is resistant to neutralizing antibodies and able to reinfect naïve cells independent of the reported receptors and cofactors. Consistently, the constructed 3D images show that intact EVs could be taken up by recipient cells directly, supporting vesicle-mediated cell-to-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of receptor-independent SARS-CoV-2 infection via cell-to-cell transmission, provide new insights into antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest potential targets for future antiviral therapeutics.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.