ArticleBMC public health2023
The effectiveness of pay-it-forward in addressing HPV vaccine delay and increasing uptake among 15-18-year-old adolescent girls compared to user-paid vaccination: a study protocol for a two-arm randomized controlled trial in China.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Feasibility and Acceptability of Pay-it-forward in Increasing Uptake of HPV Vaccination among 15- to 18-Year-Old Girls in China: Pilot RCT Results.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Trial
- Effect of a pay-it-forward strategy on reducing HPV vaccine delay and increasing uptake among 15- to 18-year-old girls in China: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2025Trial
- Factors affecting caregivers' HPV vaccination decisions for adolescent girls: A secondary analysis of a Chinese RCT.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Policy window period: analysis of HPV vaccination status among age-eligible girls in China (before national immunisation programme implementation).BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Chinese caregivers' preferences and predicted uptake of HPV vaccination: a study protocol for two discrete choice experiments.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Article
- Pay-It-Forward 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination Among Older Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Factors influencing HPV vaccination willingness among male college students in Jinan according to the health belief model.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Pay-it-forward strategy reduced HPV vaccine delay and increased uptake among catch-up age girls: A randomized clinical trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Between now and later: a mixed methods study of HPV vaccination delay among Chinese caregivers in urban Chengdu, China.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Preference for human papillomavirus vaccine type and vaccination strategy among parents of school-age girls in Guangdong province, China.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Implementing the free HPV vaccination for adolescent girls aged below 14 in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province of China: experience, challenges, and lessons.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Article
- Factors Influencing Knowledge and Acceptance of Nonavalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Among University Population in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 10 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could prevent cervical and other HPV-associated cancers attributable to vaccine-associated HPV types. However, HPV vaccination coverage among women aged 9-18 years old is low in China. Common barriers include poor financial affordability, minimal public engagement, and low confidence in domestically produced HPV vaccines. Pay-it-forward offers an individual a free or subsidized service then an opportunity to voluntarily donate and/or create a postcard message to support future people. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of pay-it-forward as compared to standard-of-care self-paid vaccination to improve HPV vaccine uptake among adolescent girls aged 15-18 years, who are left out in the current pilot free HPV vaccination task force in some parts of China.
methodsThis is a two-arm randomized controlled trial in Chengdu, China. Eligible adolescent girls (via caregivers) will be randomly selected and recruited through four community health centers (one in the most developed urban areas, one in higher middle-income and one in lower middle-income suburban areas, and one in the least developed rural areas) using the resident registration list. A total of 320 participants will be randomized into two study arms (user-paid versus pay-it-forward vaccination) in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention assignment will be blinded to recruiters and participants using envelop concealment until the research assistants open the envelop to determine which treatment to deliver to each individual. The primary outcome of the study will be HPV vaccine uptake by administrative data. Secondary outcomes include costs, vaccine hesitancy, and the completion rates of the 3-dose HPV vaccination series. DISCUSSION: This study will investigate an innovative pay-it-forward strategy's effectiveness and economic costs to improve HPV vaccination among 15-18-year-old adolescent girls. Study findings will have implications for increasing HPV vaccine uptake in places where HPV vaccines are provided for a fee.
trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ChiCTR2200055542. Registered on 11 January 2022.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.