ArticleNature microbiology2023
Prediction of effector protein structures from fungal phytopathogens enables evolutionary analyses.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers.
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98 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pathogenicity and virulence of the blast fungusVirulence · 2026Review
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- Rapidly evolving aphid gall effector proteins exhibit saposin-like folds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- GeoEPred: A multimodal structure-aware geometric deep learning framework for Gram-negative bacterial secreted effector prediction with sequence semantics.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Conserved protein folds underpin the diversification of secreted proteins in a fungal pathogen.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Protein secretion routes in fungi are predicted by the length of the hydrophobic helix in the signal sequence.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- An HMA-like integrated domain in the wheat tandem kinase WTK4 recognises an RNase-like pathogen effector.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Structure-informed engineering of plant-microbe interactions.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Review
- Structure-Based Comparative Analysis Reveals the Landscape of Powdery Mildew Secretomes Across Five Genera.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Engineering an Exo70 integrated domain of a barley NLR for improved blast resistance.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- Structural genomics sheds light on protein functions and remote homologs across the insect tree of life.Cell research · 2026Article
- How to frustrate a plant pathogen.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Review
- Genetic and Pathogenic Differentiation ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comprehensive pan-effectome investigation reveals central effector genes in woody plant pathogen Botryosphaeriaceae.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- What makes a mycoparasite? Candidate effectors from fungi that parasitize other fungi exhibit structural homology to those of fungal plant pathogens.Fungal biology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Dual recognition of structurally unrelated mildew effectors underlies the broad-spectrum resistance of Pm3e in wheat.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Virulence gains in the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici PstS10 lineage correlate with expression polymorphism in a candidate Avr effector.Communications biology · 2026Article
- A fungal nuclease effector subverts the chloroplast genome and triggers cell death to promote infection.Nature plants · 2026Article
- Oomycete plant pathogens: biology, pathogenesis and emerging control strategies.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Domain gain or loss in a fungal chitinase enables specialization towards antagonism or immune suppression.Nature communications · 2026Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
Elucidating the similarity and diversity of pathogen effectors is critical to understand their evolution across fungal phytopathogens. However, rapid divergence that diminishes sequence similarities between putatively homologous effectors has largely concealed the roots of effector evolution. Here we modelled the structures of 26,653 secreted proteins from 14 agriculturally important fungal phytopathogens, six non-pathogenic fungi and one oomycete with AlphaFold 2. With 18,000 successfully predicted folds, we performed structure-guided comparative analyses on two aspects of effector evolution: uniquely expanded sequence-unrelated structurally similar (SUSS) effector families and common folds present across the fungal species. Extreme expansion of lineage-specific SUSS effector families was found only in several obligate biotrophs, Blumeria graminis and Puccinia graminis. The highly expanded effector families were the source of conserved sequence motifs, such as the Y/F/WxC motif. We identified new classes of SUSS effector families that include known virulence factors, such as AvrSr35, AvrSr50 and Tin2. Structural comparisons revealed that the expanded structural folds further diversify through domain duplications and fusion with disordered stretches. Putatively sub- and neo-functionalized SUSS effectors could reconverge on regulation, expanding the functional pools of effectors in the pathogen infection cycle. We also found evidence that many effector families could have originated from ancestral folds conserved across fungi. Collectively, our study highlights diverse effector evolution mechanisms and supports divergent evolution as a major force in driving SUSS effector evolution from ancestral proteins.
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